Paper 1 about Chinese media industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper 1 about Chinese media industry - Essay Example As markets in Western and Eastern economies opened up, various countries in Asia, including Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong took advantage of expanding export markets to strengthen their economies. It was in this context that the Chinese state Under Deng Xiaoping decided to institute market reforms, specifically to make their socialist policies more competitive in an increasingly global economy (Harvey, 2005). Neo-liberal influences were mostly driven by economic stagnation and unemployment in Western countries, which necessitated a new system that diverged from the state interventionist policies introduced under the American New Deal of the 1930s. Under the neo-liberal theories that came to dominate global economics thinking in the 70s and 80s, state intervention in markets was greatly discouraged with the expectations that self-regulating markets were the best way to tackle economic stagnation (Selden, 1993). It was within this context of a neo-liberal revolution in Western economies that Chinese market and media reforms began. Increasingly, China’s integration with the global economy, which was based on neo-liberal theories, supported by free market Western economies, necessitated reforms in the allocation market economy supported by China under the previous Mao regime. When China finally opened up its markets to the global economy, there was a dramatic inflow of FDI and the sta te began to openly support moves towards market freedom (Selden, 1993). This meant that China started to experience similar effects to its economy as the neo-liberalized global economy, which increased the capitalization of China’s elites in comparison to its ordinary citizens (Zhao, 1998). The historical context within which media and market reforms took place in China mainly had to do with the Communism vs. Capitalism debate, which characterized relations between Western economies and Eastern economies. Media reforms also took place within this

Yanomamo Tribe Essay Example for Free

Yanomamo Tribe Essay The Yanomamo tribes are a large population of native people in South America. They often reside in the Amazon rainforest, between the border of Brazil and Venezuela. Since their place of residency is remote and isolated, they have remained secluded from many aspects in the outside world. Due to their isolation, there are several characteristics of their culture and lifestyle that are affected by this. Some factors that result from their seclusion are their domestic life, clothing and diet. The Yanomamo’s physical environment consists of villages that usually contain their kin and lineages. The villages consist of about fifty people. In these villages they have a communal system, where they all live under one common roof called the shabono. The shabonos are an oval shape hut with covering around the edges but open ground in the center. The roof is supported by posts which signify each family’s individual areas. These habitats are built from raw materials from the surrounding jungle, such as leaves, vines and tree trunks. Unfortunately, when horrific conditions, such as weather and infestation of insects and animals occur, shabonos are very susceptible to damage. As a result, shabonos are rebuilt every one to two years. Not only do the Yanomamo use nature for their shabonos, they also depend on the forest for their â€Å"slash and burn† horticulture. â€Å"Slash and burn† horticulture is when they cut and burn forests to create fields for agriculture. When the areas become overused they from the â€Å"slash and burn† horticulture, the Yanomamo use shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, and then abandoned. This requires clearing a piece of land followed by several years of farming in order to loosen the soil for fertility. The Yanomamo are known as hunters, fishers, and horticulturists, cultivating as their main crops plantains and cassava. Another food source for the Yanomamo grubs. Traditionally they did not farm, and the practice of felling palms in order to facilitate the growth of grubs was their closest approach to cultivation. The conventional diet of the Yanomamo is low in salt, which makes their blood pressure the lowest of any cultural group on the planet. Historically, the Yanomamo were known as endocannibals. Endocannibalism is a rare form of cannibalism that usually occurs after death. The body of the deceased is burned in a remote region away from the village. The remaining bones and ash are then made into a fine powder which is then mixed into the juice of a plantain to make a beverage. This beverage is consumed by the deceased person’s relatives. This is called â€Å"drinking of the dead† which is thought to be the way for the deceased person’s soul to enter the body of their living descendants. They believe that this proves them with a spiritual and physical strength so they can fight the evils of the jungle. Another way that the Yanomamo connect with the spirits of the jungle is by taking hallucinogens. Hallucinogenic drugs are taken on a daily basis, because drugs are commonly available from the jungle. Some aspects found in nature that can be made into many different drugs are; the yakowana tree and the hisiomo tree. The yakowana trees bark is ground into snuff powder with they use to snort. The hisiomo trees seeds are packed into a cigar shaped and traded among the villages. One drug that is taken every day by the Yanomamo is called yopo. Yopo is made by grinding several natural roots and vines that are gathered in the rainforest. It is consumed by blowing the powder into another Yanomamo’s nostrils with a long tube called a mokohiro. Using this drug is very painful and causes blinding pains in the head and nausea. After they have achieved a trance state, they communicate with the spirit world and relate what they are seeing with chanting and dancing. This is one way that the Yanomamo connect with their fellow neighbors. Another way the Yanomamo unite with each other is through celebration. They celebrate a good harvests with a big feast to which nearby villages are invited. This celebration helps to maintain good relations with their neighbors by sharing their harvest. During the celebration, they decorate their bodies with feathers and flowers, eat a lot of food and the women dance and sing all night. These two aspects of the Yanomamo culture not only shows their social organization with fellow tribes but also their ideological aspects of culture. The technological advances of the Yanomamo include; baskets, wooden spears, arrow points, fire making sticks, quivers, bows and arrows, and blow guns. The women weave and decorate the baskets. They make both flat baskets and burden baskets which are carried by a strap around the forehead. Fire sticks are still often used to make a fire. The men carry quivers containing extra carved wooden spear and arrow points when they are out hunting. Around the outside of the quiver they also tie the fire making sticks. Making fire with sticks is a long and arduous process requiring skill and agility. Each quiver contains a bow and three arrows, which are designed to hunt small game. In order to make a blown gun, a piece of cane is used as the shaft which must be long and straight. A mouthpiece is added to one end of the cane which is cut or carved from wood. The darts for the blow dun are made by sharpening fibers and balance on the end with either cotton or the fiber of the kapok tree. They often use poison on the ends of the darts. They get this poison from a frog that inhabits there. After an extensive assessment of the life of the Yanomamo culture it is evident to me that the physical and social environment influenced their way of life tremendously. The location of the Yanomamo is a key role in their lifestyle based on the resources available to them including food sources, raw materials and supplies. If they didn’t live in their initial environment, nothing would be the same. By living in this environment, their culture has already established their lifestyles through surroundings due to the shabonos and way of agriculture. The way the shabonos are built cause the Yanomamo to become close with one another to become one big tribe. Without their way of agriculture, the Yanomamo’s wouldn’t consume the same foods, or even hunt the same way. Hallucinogens are another aspect that contributes to the physical environment. Without their environment, drugs wouldn’t be so prominent and their whole way of connecting to the spirits would change. Lastly, technology would change since they make their baskets and quivers out of nature resources found in their environment such as wood and cane. The social environment of the Yanomamo also plays a big part in their culture. The Yanomamo do hallucinogens with fellow neighbors to connect to the spirits and also forms a sense of belongingness with each other. When they do the hallucinogens they come together and connect to the spirits as one with song and dance. Aside from that, they also unite with each other through celebration. They celebrate a good harvests with a big feast to which nearby villages are invited which helps to maintain good relations with their neighbors. If the Yanomamo didn’t share their harvest with each other, they wouldn’t have as much food as they do and wouldn’t be able to survive alone. The Yanomamo use both physical and social environments in order to prosper and thrive in life.

marketing :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The product life cycle is essential when a firm is a managing a product. While a product is in the introductory phase of its life cycle the customer is going through a learning process. Firms must consider this learning process when determining how much to spend on marketing strategies, the firm must understand that it will spend a lot of money to make the customer aware of their product and they wont see a lot of sales. During the growth phase of the life cycle the firm will see fast growth which will lead to profits or they will break even. The firm will also see declining expenditures so to properly manage their product they should concentrate more on building and holding customers rather than focusing on innovators and early adopters. At the beginning of the maturity phase sale will increase but slower because the market becomes saturated so the firm must work harder to maintain customers to keep profits from declining rapidly. Firms should focus on custome r loyalty and try to increase usage by each user. When a product begins to decline a firm could either move the product to a new market in a different country or they could leave the product in the same market but not spend money on marketing the product and focus more on other products they could market. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attending a sporting event is a service, by attending you are being provided with entertainment which is a form of a service. a. A sporting event is intangible you are receiving the entertainment which cannot be physically touched or compared to another product easily, you must compare the product by comparing to it another experience you had or someone else told you about. A sporting event is inseparable, we can see this by looking at the three aspects of inseparability. First the service providers involvement clearly the service provider is present in that the players are physically playing in front of you. Second the customers are directly involved in the service experience, just take the Detroit vs. Indiana basketball game where players and fans were involved in a fist fight in Detroit. Although this may have been a bad experience for the fans it shows just how involved fans are with sporting event. Third other customers are involved with your experience, like the drunk at the game who is cheering for the other team.

The Beach Descriptive Essay.

Ddirk Mrs. K English 9 A October 24, 2012 Descriptive Essay The look of glee on people faces is the look that you might expect from a child on Christmas day. Why this look? They are on the most amazing place on earth truly it’s a gift from God Himself the â€Å"beach†. The beach is a quiet and peaceful place but at the same time it can be so noisy because the number of people that are on this beach is as if the new iphone 5 is being sold. You just have to allow yourself to become that carefree kid again and let go.As I look out to sea I hear and see the waves crashing down so eager to get to the shore line and I think how can something so beautiful be so deadly at the same time? I am completely unaware of my surroundings as I am lost deep in thought. I hear nothing. Then I am taken aback by the sound of a child’s pure laughter a sound that you would only expect to hear from a child but wait! It’s not a sound of one child laughter it’s a sound of a w hole family completely care free and undaunted by the problem they have, for now the biggest problem they have is who’s sand castle is the best.All they want to do is enjoy these memories in the making and have fun. If you are not careful you might let go of you worries and fear and become a child again. On this sunny beach the hot sand is messed up from people walking on it, making sand castles, hand prints from little kids who are so eager to get themselves messy and my personal favorite foot prints in the sand from big and little kids all alike. I look at the sand as I am walking and I realize just how many sand dollars, seashells and rocks are hidden in the sand just barely visual to a wandering eye.It is like they are playing a game of peek-a-boo with you, not wanting to be caught but also not wanting to be unaware of their surroundings. As I reach out to pick up neat sand dollars that are hairy it’s almost like you are picking up a spider or something that is gro ss, seashells that are so cold that you would think they had been in the freezer, rocks that are so flat and smooth its unreal, and drift wood that is so smooth you don’t get splinters. The sound of seagulls squawking is so loud that you think that you might go crazy if you ere another one squawk again, yet this apart of the beauty of the beach and they too are an amazing part of the beach. Yum†¦ the smell of the beach goes from smelling like a fish hatchery, to the smell of people cooking food on the grill and then you suddenly realize you too are hungry. Its lunch time and it’s time to try to get the sand that is inevitable off of you. I walk into the water unaware that the water is as cold as ice the water reaches my toes first and my instant reaction is to scream.I scream and run out and I am greeted with the stares from the on goers I am instantly embarrassed and suddenly feel like everybody on the beach is staring at me and is wondering what is wrong with th at girl? I should have known that the water would be cold because it’s always cold what was I thinking? I guess I was still in awe of the beauty of the beach I think to myself I will and will never get tired of this amazing and beautiful place for as long as I live. It has been I long day and I am exhausted from such a long day of fun.As the wind on my face is like a fan blowing directly in front of me, cooling of the beach and the people from the heat. I think to myself what makes the beach wonderful is the sound of children’s laughter, the squawking of those annoying seagulls, the smell of the fish hatchery, the grainy feeling of the sand that always seems to get into your mouth no matter what, the smell and the taste of the salty water that you swallow and just the smell of outdoors and wood burning.Those are the things that make up a beach; without those things it would not be near as exciting. As I watch the sunset I realize that the worries of the real world may sometimes not allow a person to become a child again and how sad to think they are on an amazing place with so much beauty which you should be carefree and they can’t because they are not able to let go. I love the beach! I believe it was and is a blessing from God.

Math

The percentage of male homemakers continues to increase, but women will continue to make the majority of purchasing sections. 2. Identify behaviorist's trends that are occurring in the united States related to spending patterns of (a) children, (b) baby boomers, and (c) Hispanic teens. Spending by and for children will increase. As more responsibility is placed on younger children because of latch-key lifestyles they are learning savvy shopping skills along with gaining confidence In their role as shoppers.Baby boomers vary markedly in their attitudes & values thus cannot be looked at as a single market segment. Baby boomers tend to spend lavishly on their children. Hispanics will compose 29% of the U. S. Population by 2050, compared with 14% in 2005. 3. Describe lifestyle changes that are occurring in the consumer market. Lifestyle changes that are occurring In the consumer market are things such as Travel consultants, fitness focused products & retirement housing. 4. Describe the d ifferences between rational and emotional buying motives.The difference between rational & emotional buying motives is that rational buying motive concerned with basic human needs such as food, clothing & shelter where as emotional buying motives involves customer's feelings rather than logic. 5. How do customers select one store over another when aging a purchase? Customers select one store over another when making a purchase because of convenience, services offered & assortment of merchandise. 6. List types of data maintained by retailers In data warehouses.Types of data maintained by retailers in data warehouses are sales, margin, inventory & other key merchandising performance measures. 7. Describe how retailers use data mining. Retailers use data mining to search through warehoused data to find trends & patterns that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. 8. Describe how associations are used with data mining to learn more about customers. Associations are used with ATA milling t o learn more about customers because the system links occurrences to a single event. 9. How is data mining used for affinity analysis?Data mining is used for affinity analysis because data warehouse can identify products & merchandise classifications most commonly purchased together. This result can be better in store product & improved promotional display effectiveness. 10. I-1st some of the challenges facing retailers when using database marketing. Some retailers lack a strategy for coordinating database marketing with other traditional approaches. Some consumers feel that using information on their shopping habits institutes an invasion of privacy. 11.List the basic goals of using database marketing. Some basic goals of data base marketing is Targeting promotional offerings to specific customers. Gaining a better understanding of customers. Strengthening the store customer relationship. Week 3 – Chapter 6-understanding Product Trends 1 . Why should buyers constantly monito r their merchandise mix? Buyers should constantly monitor their merchandise mix because an appropriate mix today might not contain the right products tomorrow. 2. Explain how products that buyers purchase influence personnel decisions for a store.Products that buyers purchase influence personnel decisions for a store because stores that wish to develop a fashion image must be known for offering new & unique products in the marketplace. Knowledgeable personnel are necessary when stores have products such as designer gowns cameras or computers. 3. What have J Penny and Smart done to establish a fashion image? Smart developed private brands such as Jackal smith to create a more fashionable image for the store where as J Penny has added many national brand names. 4. List five examples of convenience products.Batteries Candy Toothpaste Fast food gasoline 5. Describe how department stores can sell kitchen gadgets as impulse items. Department stores can sell kitchen gadgets as impulse item s because retailers have seen sales skyrocket of some items simply by the placement of the products in the store. Seeing a product demonstrated in a department store stimulates impulse purchasing of many products. 6. Give two examples of specialty products. Particular brand of perfume Newest Barbie doll for their collection. 7. When do customers tend to stretch the life of durable products?Customers tend to stretch the life of durable products in economic times. 8. What is the difference teen a style and a fashion? Product. Fashion is the prevailing style that is accepted & used by a particular group of people at a particular time in a particular place. 9. Explain why buyers cannot determine fashion. Buyers cannot determine fashion because you must realize that your customers determine fashion. That is why you have to build your forecasting skills. Customers make that decision when they purchase. 10. Why do many buyers welcome the addition of fashion items into their inventory?Buyer s welcome the addition of fashion items into their inventory because it is a competitive advantage, new fashion rates ripple effects women will probably purchase new slips shoes & hosiery as you make new product purchases you must determine the impact on other products that your store is selling. 11. Provide examples of how fashions have changed because of technology. Technology itself spreads the word on the new fashion & trends TV and the internet have greatly increased the speed of new fashion awareness. Many fashion trends started with a movie or what was worn by the first lady or what was seen in movies. 2. Describe how new fashions may create a â€Å"ripple effect† with the sale of other products. New fashions may create a ripple effect with he sale of other products because when the length if skirts changes women will probably purchase new slips, shoes & hosiery as you make new product purchases you must determine the impact on other products that your store is selling . 13. Provide examples of how movies have influenced â€Å"new' products on the market In 1932 Letter Linton broad shouldered power suits designed for Joan Crossword's character.In 1955 Rebel without a cause James dean t- shirt and red Jacket. 14. What problems do fads present for buyers? The problems that fads present for buyers are obtaining enough supply while the fad s strong & then there is the problem of disposing of the leftover stock when the fad quickly dies. 15. How can buyers distinguish between a fad and a trend? Buyers can distinguish between a fad & a trend because fads tend to be inflexible there is few ways to alter the product, trends however tend to be more flexible with many ways of expression. 6. List the four stages of the product life cycle. Introduction Growth Maturity Decline 17. Describe differences in pricing strategy between the introduction and decline stages of the product life cycle. Introduction stage – products are characterized by low sales & losses as well as high risk. Decline stage – buyers will not be purchasing products in this stage during this stage the target market shrinks & price cutting minimizes profit margin. 18. Describe the downward flow theory of fashion adoption.Theory maintains that fashion innovators are those people at the top of the social pyramid such as royalty world leaders and the wealthy. 19. How can knowledge of the product life cycle help buyers decide which products to eliminate from their merchandise mix? Knowledge of the product life cycle will help buyers decide which products to eliminate from their merchandise mix because it allows you to determine rand's to their merchandise mix? Buyers add private brands to their merchandise mix because they belong to the store exclusively. 1 . Why is the timing of markdowns on licensed products crucial for buyers? The timing of markdowns on licensed products is crucial for buyers because â€Å"Disney items may be strong sellers for years but other products typically have sales that peak & then fall precipitously. 22. What is the primary reason for the move to mass customization? The primary reason for the move to mass customization is many retailers are discarding the one size fits all philosophy that has guided them for decades. MAth Course Project Milestone 2 Interview Guide and Questions Form This is a form to record your information for this assignment. Review the Course Project Milestone 2: Interviewee Guide and Questions guidelines and grading rubric in Doc Sharing (Assignments) prior to completing this form. Review the document in Doc Sharing entitled, INNER Question Tips. Refer to Appendix A in your text and select five categories upon which you will concentrate for your interview guide and questions. Type your answers to the following questions using complete sentences and correct grammar, spelling, and syntax.Note that the form is expandable. Indeed, you may need more pages to include the information that is requested in the guidelines for this assignment. Once you have filled in the form, click Save as and save the file with your last name and assignment, for example, â€Å"INNER _Milestones_Form_Smith†. Submit to the Milestone 2 basket in the Dropped by 11:59 p. M. MET Sunday at the end of Week 4. Title: Milestone 2 Your Name: Samaritan Manson 1 . Note the proposed date of the interview. Describe the location of the interview and how privacy will be maintained.Be specific. (20 points) The interview will be conducted Saturday August 9, 2014. The interview will take place in the conference room on the fourth floor at Holy Cross Hospital. Privacy is maintained in the conference room by a lock door, it is available for private meetings on the weekends, and by it closed off/segregated location on the fourth floor. 2. Describe the method you have chosen for your process recording and your plans for making it. For example, if you choose to submit a video file, how will you record and produce this?How will you upload it and send it to your instructor? (14 points) The method I have chosen for the process recording will be written. There will be a series of questions or the interviewee to answer and the written responses will be sent to the instructor. Possibly some photographs of t he person getting interviewed will be added to the written process. 3. Identify five categories from Appendix A in your text from which you would like to develop primary (and follow-up) questions for your interview. The categories from which you may choose are listed below.Baccalaureate Variations and Cultural Aspects of the Incidence of Disease Communication Cultural Affiliations Cultural Sanctions & Restrictions Developmental Considerations Economics Educational Background Health-Related beliefs and Practices Kinship and Social Networks Nutrition Religion and Spirituality Values Orientation Type the names of the five categories you have chosen in the table below in the column marked â€Å"Categories. † 4. Develop one primary question for each of the five categories. Please note that the questions should be in your own words and designed to elicit meaningful responses, for example, open-ended or focused format.Use the table to type each question next to its corresponding cat egory. (60 points) 5. Develop two follow-up questions for each primary question. Type these next to the corresponding primary questions. (40 points) 6. Indicate reasons for asking specific questions that relate to culture of origin and healthcare experiences. (50 points) Categories Primary Question Related to Category Follow-up Questions for each primary question Reasons for asking questions that are related to culture of origin Category 1 : Help me better understand your culture by explaining the different health care restrictions? . What would you want us to know about your spiritual needs and resources? Cultural sanctions and restrictions can affect a patient, family, and care team in the course of a hospitalizing. These restrictions can prevent a patient from going to urge, getting a blood transfusion, or even prevent a patient from taking a certain medication. . 2. Please tell me more about the type of cultural sanctions you are involved in and how we can incorporate that into your care? Category 2: What age do educators start focusing on teaching health? . If diagnosed with a problem what forms of teaching are available? Health education builds knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health. Health education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates people to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and reduce risky behaviors. Knowing a person's resources allows educators to provide specific material or extra depending on what is available. 2. Please describe more fully to me what learning resources are available?Category 3: Help me better understand what types of social networks are available and what types of social life/hobbies you have? 1 . What type of advertisement do medical facilities use to educate patients? Social media has become a part of health care by innovative startups, patient communities and medical centers. There has been a revolution in health care: tools from vertical search and soci al networks to health content aggressors and wellness tools. Patients have been active on social media to find health information, find support through discussion groups and forums, and chronicle their illness Journeys.They are also interested in using social media to facilitate communication between themselves and their providers. Hospitals are moving from experimentation to strategic use of social media to enhance brand loyalty and recruit new patients. Medical centers use social media as a teaching tool and to promote primary care. 2. What is the main form of communication between patients and physicians. Category 4: What are the major food groups consumed in your everyday diet? . Help me understand the food restrictions in your culture?Health care professionals must learn to respect and appreciate the variety of cultural traditions related to food and the wide variation of food practices within different cultures. Nutrition plays a big role in primary care. Health professionals need to respect but also need to educate patients with certain problems on how to modify their diets. 2. It might be helpful for me to know what we can and cannot modify in your diet? Category 5: Health Related Beliefs Help me better understand your view on health and what types of care you received in the past? 1 .What types of treatment do you seek; alternative medicine or western medicine? Health care beliefs can stem from religion or different traditions which tend to be complex and it is impossible to predict how any one patient or family member may understand or apply them in the context of health care. Therefore, providers should encourage patients and family members to interpret how religious/cultural values may be pertinent to a hospital stay regarding personal needs, interaction with staff, and decisions about treatment 2. What are the specific concerns you would like health care workers to avoid while you are in the hospital. MAth Course Project Milestone 2 Interview Guide and Questions Form This is a form to record your information for this assignment. Review the Course Project Milestone 2: Interviewee Guide and Questions guidelines and grading rubric in Doc Sharing (Assignments) prior to completing this form. Review the document in Doc Sharing entitled, INNER Question Tips. Refer to Appendix A in your text and select five categories upon which you will concentrate for your interview guide and questions. Type your answers to the following questions using complete sentences and correct grammar, spelling, and syntax.Note that the form is expandable. Indeed, you may need more pages to include the information that is requested in the guidelines for this assignment. Once you have filled in the form, click Save as and save the file with your last name and assignment, for example, â€Å"INNER _Milestones_Form_Smith†. Submit to the Milestone 2 basket in the Dropped by 11:59 p. M. MET Sunday at the end of Week 4. Title: Milestone 2 Your Name: Samaritan Manson 1 . Note the proposed date of the interview. Describe the location of the interview and how privacy will be maintained.Be specific. (20 points) The interview will be conducted Saturday August 9, 2014. The interview will take place in the conference room on the fourth floor at Holy Cross Hospital. Privacy is maintained in the conference room by a lock door, it is available for private meetings on the weekends, and by it closed off/segregated location on the fourth floor. 2. Describe the method you have chosen for your process recording and your plans for making it. For example, if you choose to submit a video file, how will you record and produce this?How will you upload it and send it to your instructor? (14 points) The method I have chosen for the process recording will be written. There will be a series of questions or the interviewee to answer and the written responses will be sent to the instructor. Possibly some photographs of t he person getting interviewed will be added to the written process. 3. Identify five categories from Appendix A in your text from which you would like to develop primary (and follow-up) questions for your interview. The categories from which you may choose are listed below.Baccalaureate Variations and Cultural Aspects of the Incidence of Disease Communication Cultural Affiliations Cultural Sanctions & Restrictions Developmental Considerations Economics Educational Background Health-Related beliefs and Practices Kinship and Social Networks Nutrition Religion and Spirituality Values Orientation Type the names of the five categories you have chosen in the table below in the column marked â€Å"Categories. † 4. Develop one primary question for each of the five categories. Please note that the questions should be in your own words and designed to elicit meaningful responses, for example, open-ended or focused format.Use the table to type each question next to its corresponding cat egory. (60 points) 5. Develop two follow-up questions for each primary question. Type these next to the corresponding primary questions. (40 points) 6. Indicate reasons for asking specific questions that relate to culture of origin and healthcare experiences. (50 points) Categories Primary Question Related to Category Follow-up Questions for each primary question Reasons for asking questions that are related to culture of origin Category 1 : Help me better understand your culture by explaining the different health care restrictions? . What would you want us to know about your spiritual needs and resources? Cultural sanctions and restrictions can affect a patient, family, and care team in the course of a hospitalizing. These restrictions can prevent a patient from going to urge, getting a blood transfusion, or even prevent a patient from taking a certain medication. . 2. Please tell me more about the type of cultural sanctions you are involved in and how we can incorporate that into your care? Category 2: What age do educators start focusing on teaching health? . If diagnosed with a problem what forms of teaching are available? Health education builds knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health. Health education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates people to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and reduce risky behaviors. Knowing a person's resources allows educators to provide specific material or extra depending on what is available. 2. Please describe more fully to me what learning resources are available?Category 3: Help me better understand what types of social networks are available and what types of social life/hobbies you have? 1 . What type of advertisement do medical facilities use to educate patients? Social media has become a part of health care by innovative startups, patient communities and medical centers. There has been a revolution in health care: tools from vertical search and soci al networks to health content aggressors and wellness tools. Patients have been active on social media to find health information, find support through discussion groups and forums, and chronicle their illness Journeys.They are also interested in using social media to facilitate communication between themselves and their providers. Hospitals are moving from experimentation to strategic use of social media to enhance brand loyalty and recruit new patients. Medical centers use social media as a teaching tool and to promote primary care. 2. What is the main form of communication between patients and physicians. Category 4: What are the major food groups consumed in your everyday diet? . Help me understand the food restrictions in your culture?Health care professionals must learn to respect and appreciate the variety of cultural traditions related to food and the wide variation of food practices within different cultures. Nutrition plays a big role in primary care. Health professionals need to respect but also need to educate patients with certain problems on how to modify their diets. 2. It might be helpful for me to know what we can and cannot modify in your diet? Category 5: Health Related Beliefs Help me better understand your view on health and what types of care you received in the past? 1 .What types of treatment do you seek; alternative medicine or western medicine? Health care beliefs can stem from religion or different traditions which tend to be complex and it is impossible to predict how any one patient or family member may understand or apply them in the context of health care. Therefore, providers should encourage patients and family members to interpret how religious/cultural values may be pertinent to a hospital stay regarding personal needs, interaction with staff, and decisions about treatment 2. What are the specific concerns you would like health care workers to avoid while you are in the hospital.

Free Essays on In Cold Blood

Truman Capote’S In Cold Blood Truman Capote was first introduced to the story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family â€Å"†¦one morning in November of 1959, while flicking through The New York Times, I encountered on a deep inside page, this headline: Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family Slain† (Capote, 3). He decided to write about the crime committed in Kansas, because â€Å"murder was a theme not likely to darken and yellow with time† (Capote, 3). Capote promptly headed for Kansas, where he spent six years researching, solving, and writing about the unforgivable act. Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, the final product of his years of research, is a masterfully written account of the cold-blooded murder of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas in 1959. In writing In Cold Blood, Capote presents the blood-curdling story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family in a journalistic style, and is able to exclude his point of view on all of the events; â€Å"The most difficult thing in In Cold B lood is that I never appear in it, but I solved it†¦The whole thing was done from Al Dewey’s point of view† (Newsweek, 60). Because of Capote’s immeasurable talent for writing, he is able to present factual events, just as in a journalistic article, in a style that seems similar to a fiction novel. His focus in In Cold Blood is on the facts of the events which occur before, during, and after the murder of Mr. Clutter; Kenyon, his fifteen year old son; Nancy, his 16 year old daughter; and, Bonnie, his wife. Capote’s emphasis on the facts can be seen through his thorough account of what the murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, took from the Clutter’s house, which was about thirty dollars from Mr. Clutter’s billfold, â€Å"†¦some change and a dollar or two† (239) from Mrs. Clutter, a silver dollar from Nancy, and a radio. Added up, Perry and Dick gained â€Å"between forty and fifty dollars† (246) from their visit to the Clutter’s house.... Free Essays on In Cold Blood Free Essays on In Cold Blood Truman Capote’S In Cold Blood Truman Capote was first introduced to the story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family â€Å"†¦one morning in November of 1959, while flicking through The New York Times, I encountered on a deep inside page, this headline: Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family Slain† (Capote, 3). He decided to write about the crime committed in Kansas, because â€Å"murder was a theme not likely to darken and yellow with time† (Capote, 3). Capote promptly headed for Kansas, where he spent six years researching, solving, and writing about the unforgivable act. Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, the final product of his years of research, is a masterfully written account of the cold-blooded murder of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas in 1959. In writing In Cold Blood, Capote presents the blood-curdling story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family in a journalistic style, and is able to exclude his point of view on all of the events; â€Å"The most difficult thing in In Cold B lood is that I never appear in it, but I solved it†¦The whole thing was done from Al Dewey’s point of view† (Newsweek, 60). Because of Capote’s immeasurable talent for writing, he is able to present factual events, just as in a journalistic article, in a style that seems similar to a fiction novel. His focus in In Cold Blood is on the facts of the events which occur before, during, and after the murder of Mr. Clutter; Kenyon, his fifteen year old son; Nancy, his 16 year old daughter; and, Bonnie, his wife. Capote’s emphasis on the facts can be seen through his thorough account of what the murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, took from the Clutter’s house, which was about thirty dollars from Mr. Clutter’s billfold, â€Å"†¦some change and a dollar or two† (239) from Mrs. Clutter, a silver dollar from Nancy, and a radio. Added up, Perry and Dick gained â€Å"between forty and fifty dollars† (246) from their visit to the Clutter’s house....

Understanding Commercial Granite

Understanding Commercial Granite Stone dealers lump a wide variety of rock types under the broad category called granite. Commercial granite is any crystalline rock that is harder than marble with large mineral grains. Lets unpack that statement: Crystalline Rock Crystalline rock is a rock that consists of mineral grains that are tightly intergrown and locked together, making a tough, impervious surface. Crystalline rocks are made of grains that have grown together at high temperature and pressure, rather than being made of existing sediment grains that have been cemented together under gentler conditions. That is, they are igneous or metamorphic rocks rather than sedimentary rocks. This differentiates commercial granite from commercial sandstone and limestone. Comparison to Marble Marble is crystalline and metamorphic, but it consists largely of the soft mineral calcite (hardness 3 on the Mohs scale). Granite instead consists of much harder minerals, mostly feldspar and quartz (Mohs hardness 6 and 7 respectively). This differentiates commercial granite from commercial marble and travertine. Commercial Granite Versus True Granite Commercial granite has its minerals in large, visible grains (hence the name granite). This differentiates it from commercial slate, greenstone, and basalt in which the mineral grains are microscopic. To geologists, true granite is a far more specific rock type. Yes, it is crystalline, hard, and has visible grains. But beyond that, it is a plutonic igneous rock, formed at great depths from an original fluid and not from the metamorphism of another rock. Its light-colored minerals consist of 20% to 60% quartz, and its feldspar content is no less than 35% alkali feldspar and no more than 65% plagioclase feldspar. Other than that it can contain any amount (up to 90%) of dark minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene. This differentiates granite from diorite, gabbro, granodiorite, anorthosite, andesite, pyroxenite, syenite, gneiss, and schist, but all of these excluded rock types can be sold as commercial granite. The important thing about commercial granite is that whatever its mineral composition, it is rugged (suitable for hard use, takes a good polish and resists scratches and acids) and attractive with its granular texture. You really do know it when you see it.

The Pros and Cons of Biofuels

The Pros and Cons of Biofuels There are many environmental benefits to replacing oil with plant-based biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. For one, since such fuels are derived from agricultural crops, they are inherently renewable- and our own farmers typically produce them domestically, reducing our dependence on unstable foreign sources of oil. Additionally, ethanol and biodiesel emit less particulate pollution than traditional petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuels. They also do not have much of a net contribution of greenhouse gases to the global climate change problem, since they only emit back to the environment the carbon dioxide that their source plants absorbed out of the atmosphere in the first place. Biofuels Are Easy to Use, but Not Always Easy to Find And unlike other forms of renewable energy (like hydrogen, solar or wind), biofuels are easy for people and businesses to transition to without special apparatus or a change in vehicle or home heating infrastructure- you can just fill your existing car, truck or home oil tank with it. Those looking to replace gasoline with ethanol in their car, however, must have a â€Å"flex-fuel† model that can run on either fuel. Otherwise, most regular diesel engines can handle biodiesel as readily as regular diesel. Despite the upsides, however, experts point out that biofuels are far from a cure for our addiction to petroleum. A wholesale societal shift from gasoline to biofuels, given the number of gas-only cars already on the road and the lack of ethanol or biodiesel pumps at existing filling stations, would take some time. Are There Enough Farms and Crops to Support a Switch to Biofuels? Another major hurdle for widespread adoption of biofuels is the challenge of growing enough crops to meet demand, something skeptics say might well require converting just about all of the world’s remaining forests and open spaces over to agricultural land. â€Å"Replacing only five percent of the nation’s diesel consumption with biodiesel would require diverting approximately 60 percent of today’s soy crops to biodiesel production,† says Matthew Brown, an energy consultant and former energy program director at the National Conference of State Legislatures. â€Å"That’s bad news for tofu lovers.† Of course, soy is now much more likely to be grown as an industrial commodity than as an ingredient for tofu! In addition, the intensive cultivation of crops for biofuels is done with the help of large amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers. Does Producing Biofuels Use More Energy than They Can Generate? Another dark cloud looming over biofuels is whether producing them actually requires more energy than they can generate. After factoring in the energy needed to grow crops and then convert them into biofuels, Cornell University researcher David Pimental concludes that the numbers just don’t add up. His 2005 study found that producing ethanol from corn required 29 percent more energy than the end product itself is capable of generating. He found similarly troubling numbers in the process used to make biodiesel from soybeans. â€Å"There is just no energy benefit to using plant biomass for liquid fuel,† Pimentel says. The numbers might look quite different, though, for biofuel derived from agriculture waste products which would otherwise end up in a landfill. Biodiesel has been manufactured from poultry processing waste, for example. Once fossil fuel prices rise back up, those types of waste-based fuels might present favorable economics and will likely be developed further. Conservation is a Key Strategy for Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels There is no one quick-fix for weaning ourselves off of fossil fuels and the future will likely see a combination of sourcesfrom wind and ocean currents to hydrogen, solar and, yes, some use of biofuelspowering our energy needs. The â€Å"elephant in the living room† that is often ignored when considering energy options, however, is the hard reality that we must reduce our consumption, not just replace it with something else. Indeed, conservation is probably the largest single â€Å"alternative fuel† available to us. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Case assn #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case assn #3 - Essay Example The CVS Company is well known for its quality health care products. CVS Health Company operates at least 7700 CVS pharmacy and Long Drugs stores. It is the largest pharmacy healthcare provider in the U.S with approximately 200, 000 employees. With the increasing globalization, the company is regarded as one of the companies that are making a global mark in the drug stores industry. However, the company faces stiff competition from other pharmacy providers such as Express Scripts Holding (ESRX) and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (WMT). In terms of market capitalization, CVS has a value of 93.50 billion compared to 54.28 billion and 245.91 billion for ESRX and WMT respectively. This shows how competitive the industry is. With the increasing competition in the industry, these firms have to design proper strategies in order to remain relevant and competition enough in the industry. Express Scripts Holding and Wal-Mart Stores Inc.-as the main competitors of the Wendy’s company-have some stre ngths and weakness that are worth noting. The main strength and weakness include: Express Scripts Holding and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. are among the known leaders in developing innovative drug stores. Express Scripts Holding and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. draw their strength from their brand image globally. Express Scripts Holding and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. have effectively marketed their products and in addition understand the importance of a quality services. They are continually improving their stores through enhanced technologies. Express Scripts Holding and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. important sustainable competitive advantage is their intangible assets, such as brand image and organizational culture. However, the CVS Company is taking these strengths as challenges to help them improve better. In this regard, the company is focusing on improving its brand globally to help it market its services in the global market. In addition, the company is

Research Methods for Business and Management Coursework - 2

Research Methods for Business and Management - Coursework Example However, the philosophy has not been exhausted and remains somehow sketchy. Qn. 4: - The data collection is well described and it is backed by how the data has been presented using graphs and pie charts. Data analysis has also been extensively done, enhancing the conclusive argument. Qn. 5: - The conclusions have been based on a thorough data collection, presentation and analysis, which has not been faulty. Thus, it is good to note that the conclusions reached are fair based on the data. Qn. 6: - The referencing is not completely and well formatted. The haphazard manner in which it has been done makes it difficult to identity which referencing style has been used. Further, the sort of referencing cannot be said to comply with current APA, Harvard or any other referencing style. Qn. 7: - The actual research has followed the outline set in the research proposal. The outline of the proposal identifies the activities which should be carried out and which order. The actual research has followed this

Nietzsche Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nietzsche Moral Philosophy - Essay Example Nietzsche aims at freeing human beings from their false consciousness about the issue of morality. He wants to free people from the idea that morality is good for them and not for the society (Richardson 20). Nietzsche forms an argument that free from the moral prejudices that he believes clouds the metaphysical pursuit and inquiries of science. Nietzsche concept of slave and master morality Master and slave morality is a key theme of the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche presented that there are two types of morality. These include master and slave morality. Master morality majorly deals with the good or bad consequences of actions. Master morality values strength, pride and nobility. Master morality gets described by Nietzsche as the morality of the strong- willed. Slave morality deals with the good or bad intentions that people have. For Nietzsche slave morality values things like sympathy, kindness and humility. Nietzsche argued that we must not presume that anything that i s good is helpful, and all that is bad is harmful. He argued that this presumption got based on the grounds of habitualness. Value or non-value should not be derived from its consequences (Richardson 24). The strong-willed men in Nietzsche view look at something good as powerful and noble and what is bad as petty, weak, and cowardly. Nietzsche forwarded that morality deals with the individual. We must recognize that oneself is the measure of all things. Masters become creators of morality while the slaves simply respond to the masters with their slave morality. Slave morality originates in the weak while master morality originates in the strong. He argued that the strong people are few among the weak. The weak work hard to gain power by eroding the strong to believe in the causes of slavery which is evil. For example by stating that humility is good and voluntary, the slave morality lives in denial that humility got forced upon them by a master. Moral Skepticism Nietzsche was a mora l skeptic. He questions the authenticity of the explanations of morality which get purported to be factual. He maintains a doubting attitude towards the values and character of others which get considered moral. Nietzsche calls attention to the fact that the history of moral theories does not have a rational explanation for the foundational proposition about morality. Nietzsche supports the notion that there are no moral facts or truths. Nietzsche questions what brings about morality (Richardson 56). We do not know whether it is the criterion of the action or the reason for its performance that gets considered right. We must also consider the consequences that these actions bring about. Nietzsche also locates disagreement among the most sophisticated and moral philosophies which makes him a moral skeptic. Nietzsche was an aristocratic radicalism. This was a condemnation of hyper-aesthetic writing and fantasy in literature. It was a belief that literature should be based upon extensi ve thoughts of liberty and the progress of humanity. Moral Nihilist Moral nihilism is the view that nothing is intrinsically immoral or moral. Moral nihilists consider morality as something that gets constructed through a set of rules and recommendations. Nietzsche is not a moral nihilist. He states nihilism as absolute valuelessness, or that nothing has a meaning. He explained that this was extremely dangerous because it is through

Reasons for doing volunteer work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasons for doing volunteer work - Essay Example Nupur (2008) stated that volunteers possess great energy, optimistic attitude and big hearts. Working with such people and witnessing less fortunate lives gives one the opportunity to improve one’s perception and attitude towards life. This opportunity makes one appreciate small things in life, rather than complaining over petty problems. According to i to i Volunteering (n.d.) stated that alongside changing one’s perception of life, individuals gain experience in different professions and management areas; for example, working for a shelter home may give one the experience of making meals for hundreds of people or managing a fund raising event may give the opportunity to improve management skills. Volunteer work may demand occasional travelling to foreign countries that gives one the chance of learning about the traditions and customs of another culture. Therefore, it can be stated that volunteer work has many personal, as well as communal reasons for attracting people towards

IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) Essay

IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) - Essay Example Information technology has accelerated the evolutionary phase of customer relationship. Many CRM software and information systems are available today which can be used for capturing and storing potential customer data which help organizations in developing and maintaining customer relationship. This report is an attempt to provide comprehensive information on technologies used by the present day organizations for maintaining a healthy relationship with their potential customers. Supply chain has also supported organizations in improving their relationship building activities with their customers. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a comprehensive approach adopted by organizations in order to create, maintain, and expand their customer base. It has become an essential part of every organization and seeks participation from all of the departments of that organization. It should be noted the process of customer base development of an organization is not dependent on any specific department. Instead it is a strategy which must be followed by all of the departments while developing their departmental plans. It is not solely related to the IT department of the organization neither it is an activity performed by the sales and marketing team (Anderson & Kerr, 2002). Present day business situation has forced organizations to revamp their traditional approaches so as to meet their target revenue and sales volume. High level of competition has become an issue not only for international level organizations but also for the organizations operating in the national and domestic markets. Organizations are required to use smarter techniques for identifying and retaining their customers. This has also made it necessary for the present day organizations to analyze their offerings and identify their targeted customers. The latter is considered as the key to success as it increases the of the productivity and revenue generation of the

Express Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Express Trust - Essay Example This may also be associated with duty which by the ethical and moral norms of society you must perform. This is even characterized as a higher form of justice and so important to modern human relations that it has been transformed from a purely ethical concept with limited application to a moral norm of society. Every member of society is bound to uphold it and even becomes embodied in laws. Express trusts are "built around concepts of loyalty and good faith" (Hudson 2008). In an express trust there exist a relationship where a person entrusts his or her property to another to keep, preserve and latter to give the same property to another person who is meant to benefit from that property. Moreover "The trustee is one example of a more general concept of English law: the fiduciary. Thus, it is often said that trustees bear 'fiduciary duties'. For our purposes the terms 'trustee' and 'fiduciary' can be read as being synonymous. The fiduciary principle in express trusts is the idea that such trusts have a nature that it is a matter of confidence, good faith, loyalty and legal obligation to the purpose of such trusts. An example of this is when a grandfather entrusts a piece of land to his son which his son will give to the grandson on his 18th birthday. The father, son of the grandfather, has the duty to his father, the grandfather to keep, preserve and maintain the piece of land and later give the land to his son, the grandson. Duties & Powers Question: What are the powers and duties of the settlor What are the powers and duties of a trustee What are the powers and duties of the beneficiary Answer: The settlor is duty bound to make certain that the property that will be put into an express trust is truly owned by him because "the settlor must have had all of the rights in that property, or 'absolute title', before the declaration of the trust". Clearly, one cannot deal with property in which one has no rights: therefore, the settlor must hold all of the rights to be settled on trust before that trust can be declared" (Hudson 2008). The settlor is the original owner of the property involved in the trust. Thus absolute title means that the right to do with the property as he or she pleases regardless of the concern of others or free of implications to other individuals. This includes sell, lease, destroy and even donate. The settlor has absolute power over the property up to when the trust is constituted. Once it begins his direct power over the property is set aside and he is duty bound to give possession of the property to the trustee. "Once the trust is created, the trustee acquires 'legal title' in the trust fund and the beneficiaries acquire the 'equitable interest' (or, sometimes, 'beneficial interest') in the trust fund in accordance with the terms of the trus

IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) Essay

IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) - Essay Example Information technology has accelerated the evolutionary phase of customer relationship. Many CRM software and information systems are available today which can be used for capturing and storing potential customer data which help organizations in developing and maintaining customer relationship. This report is an attempt to provide comprehensive information on technologies used by the present day organizations for maintaining a healthy relationship with their potential customers. Supply chain has also supported organizations in improving their relationship building activities with their customers. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a comprehensive approach adopted by organizations in order to create, maintain, and expand their customer base. It has become an essential part of every organization and seeks participation from all of the departments of that organization. It should be noted the process of customer base development of an organization is not dependent on any specific department. Instead it is a strategy which must be followed by all of the departments while developing their departmental plans. It is not solely related to the IT department of the organization neither it is an activity performed by the sales and marketing team (Anderson & Kerr, 2002). Present day business situation has forced organizations to revamp their traditional approaches so as to meet their target revenue and sales volume. High level of competition has become an issue not only for international level organizations but also for the organizations operating in the national and domestic markets. Organizations are required to use smarter techniques for identifying and retaining their customers. This has also made it necessary for the present day organizations to analyze their offerings and identify their targeted customers. The latter is considered as the key to success as it increases the of the productivity and revenue generation of the

Holistic Profile of 3 and a Half Years Old Girl Essay

Holistic Profile of 3 and a Half Years Old Girl - Essay Example Physical development After a long interview with Mrs. Davies and her three and a half years old daughter I learnt the following about this child. My interview included questions about the child right from infancy so that I could have a clear picture of the child’s development right from birth. The mother informed me that the daughter started demonstrating intelligence at the age of six months; this she did by motor activity but could not use symbols. My interview revealed that the child had gone through the sensorimotor stage without any complexity. The child was now in her pre-operational stage, this is a period which comprises two sub-stages where a child demonstrates intelligence through using symbols development of imaginations is achieved, skills in language use are fully acquired and lastly the child lacks memory such that it is very hard for him to remember something. Thinking is thus done in a manner that is not logical. (Piaget,1972). By both observing the three and half year’s old Dan and gathering information from her mother I arrived at the following physical observations. According to the mother her mother informed me that her daughter sleeps for about twelve hours at night. This has been consistent but in case the child is not in good health then he might sleep for fewer hours. The child is learning on how to use the toilet but with the assistance of the care giver and at times with the mother’s assistance. She also knows how to put on shoes by herself though she cannot tie the shoe races on her own. I provided the young girl with a big ball which she repeatedly threw overhead and kicking it up and down in a jovial mood. On several instances the child was making efforts in trying to catch the large ball. The child was hopping and down on one foot a thing that she appeared to enjoy most. She also demonstrated developed balancing skills while standing and walking on a straight line. At times Dan would stop whatever she was doing and would start watching whatever we were doing. In several occasions she tried to imitate us after carefully observing our activities. The child had already developed the full set of babies teeth with her appearance resembling that of an adult though thinner (adult-like appearance) After weighing the three and a half years old I noted that Dan weighed thirty eight pounds. This was a good weight considering her age and the current stage of development. According to the mother her daughter remained asleep in most nights while recording minimal cases of wetting the bed. (Piaget, 1972) Her child knows how to dress herself and the only assistance that she requires is on how to use the buttons and also zippers. She gets the required assistance from the caregiver and has been improving on matters concerning dressing herself. The child also knows how to feed on her own. This she does with lots of spilling but this is reducing as time goes. She also climbs up and down a small slide by herself and at the same time she can ride a small bicycle without experiencing many problems in using the pedals Through the interview with the mother I learnt that her daughter is much interested in the handling of food and also in learning the cooking procedures.she repeatedly peters the house help claiming tat she want to do some cooking. She has the ability of washing her hands, getting a drink on her own and can also brush her teeth without any difficulty. She knows how to butter bread using a knife and can also

Promotion of Effective Communication †Workbook Essay Example for Free

Promotion of Effective Communication – Workbook Essay Question  1 Look at your company’s policies and procedures on completing records and maintaining effective communication, what is your role? Answer: I browsed and read my organisation’s policy regarding the service user’s rights and those legislations which promotes equality, diversity, and discrimination. a. Each service user has a right to information regarding their care service that does not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnic origin, creed, colour, religion, political affiliation, disability or impairments, marital status, parenthood, sexual gender or sexual orientation. b. Each service user has the right of access to their personal care records and to comment on them accordingly. Service users have the right to appoint an advocate to make their wishes and preferences known if they are unable to do so. c. Each service user has the right to be assured that no personal or confidential information concerning their affairs will be disclosed to a third party without their express permission. d. Each service user has the right to communicate using their preferred methods of communication and language. When completing records and reports look through your staff hand book or induction pack you were given at work and explain any rules and regulations or policies you need to follow when completing records and reports at work some of which might include: †¢ Records should be completed as soon as possible after the event †¢ Details should be accurate †¢ Details should be relevant †¢ Details should be legible †¢ Details should clearly indicate if it is a fact, opinion or hearsay. Opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. †¢ Always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary. 2, 3, 10, 11 Describe ways that you provide support to individuals to communicate their needs. How might your communication alter with different individuals ? What aids might be used to support effective communication ? Answer: To support individuals and key people to communicate their needs you will need to: a. Arrange the individual’s environment to facilitate effective communication and promote understanding. This can be done by ensuring privacy going into a quiet room, if the area is noisy because of the volume of a radio or television it needs to be reduced. Poor lighting in the room needs to be changed and some more that you can think of. b. As a care worker you need to check that the individual have the appropriate support to communicate their views. This could be making sure the individual who uses glasses and an hearing aid is supported by making sure the glasses is at client’s reach or that hearing aids is switched on and working properly. c. Appropriate styles and methods of communication should be used with respect to the individual. Such as: Active listening – showing be gestures that you are listening, sitting or standing half turned away gives the message that you are not listening. Responding appropriately – nodding your head.  Good body language and maintaining eye contact – Leaning forwards can be used effectively when you want to emphasize your interest or support. The methods that can be used to communicate effectively are: a. Support equality and diversity †¢ This can be done by using appropriate language that the service user understands also using the appropriate register of language, for instance not using phrases that could be referred to as jargon. Another method is to use the appropriate way of speaking within a speech community. For instance communicating with young people may mean using their style of language e.g. whats up with you, hello mate. †¢ Provision of communication aids and use of non-verbal communication if service user has hearing or vision impairments or learning and physical disabilities. b. Are effective when dealing with, and challenging discrimination †¢ Working with key people demands that you communicate in a language that they understand and also using simple words. For example the use of clinical words that is not commonly understood would not be necessary if you know they are not familiar with them. †¢ Sometimes we come across people who cannot understand us for one reason or the other instead of ignoring them it would be helpful to source a skilled interpreter but we still need to make effort to communicate with the person by learning some of the ways of communication or a few useful words from their language. The methods to support individuals to communicate are: Ensure environment is suitable (lighting, noise background) Provide interpreter if necessaryAllow sufficient time for individuals to understand the content of communication. Use relevant aids for communication (e.g. cards, symbols, hearing aids, large print) Provide advocate to speak for a service user Ensure written material is in suitable formats or language. Specific aids that may be used to support effective communication : Aided communication is communication supported or replaced by materials or equipment. There are simple materials or equipment used everyday such as a pen and paper to write messages, alphabet charts, pictures or symbols or photographs. Communication aids can be categorized into 3 broad groups: Symbolic Aids This is commonly the use of signs and symbols, it requires individuals to undertake a form of training on the correct forming of signs used and types of symbols: †¢ British Sign Language used as a communication aid for individual with hearing loss. †¢ Makaton used as an aid to support speech and not intended to replace it. †¢ Picture Exchange communication systems (PEC) This aid helps individuals to be independent as they able to exchange a picture for what they want from a compiled album of pictures. †¢ Deaf Blind manual alphabets Slightly modified version of the BSL. Finger- spelling alphabet is used. Technical Aids †¢ Talking microwaves usually for individuals with sight loss †¢ Computers which read out the text on the screen. †¢ Light writer this is a portable device into which the individual types in what they would want to say. Human Aids †¢ Interpreter is a person who supports the communication between two people who do not have the same language. This also includes the sign language. †¢ Translator is a person who changes the written word into an easier format for the individual to read. This could be into Braille or symbols. †¢ Advocate This is someone who speaks on behalf of an individual when they are not able to do so. 4, 5, 19 In relation to the promotion of effective communication, give examples of what you do to maintain the following laws and guidelines: a) Data Protection Act b) Access to Health Records Act c) The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct d) Standard 37 National Minimum Standards for Care Homes e) Caldicott Report Answer: a) To maintain Data Protection Act it is necessary to complete the records as soon as possible after the event and always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary; to make sure that the details are accurate, relevant and legible and that they clearly indicate if it’s a fact, opinion or hearsay. Another important thing is that opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. The information shared by the individuals must be confidential to ensure data protection. In case that the information suggests that the client is under risk, the consent of the individual needs to be obtained before passing the information to an appropriate member of the staff, and even when the consent is not given it becomes important to report. b) To maintain the Access to Health Records Act I have to make sure that the records are accurate, legibly written, shareable so that the information can be used to provide individuals with the support and care required. The  members of a care team are fully informed of new developments and changes in a client’s care plan and the evidence of the actions taken in specific circumstances are available if the need arises. I can access information and records about an individual by: talking to the service user, accessing previous records after permission has been sought from the appropriate person, talking to colleagues who know the individual, to family members or to other professionals c) To maintain The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct, as a social care worker, I must establish and ensure the confidence of service users and carers. This includes: communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way; respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers. I must be accountable for the quality of my work, I have to maintain clear and accurate records required by procedures established for my work. 6,7 Where can you find out about an individuals communication and language needs, information about communication and language skills to improve your practice ? Answer: I can find out about an individuals communication and language needs by asking my manager or the service user, discussing with other care workers who know the individual, talking to family members, to a speech therapist or other professionals for advice, exploring the internet or consulting a library for more information. In order to improve my practice, I can find out about information, communication and language skills by asking my supervisor or manager, or colleagues who have confronted with similar cases. I can also consult the case notes of the individual, or relevant documents provided by the organization that will help me learn how to communicate effectively – for example the induction manuals, search for information via the internet or specialist organizations for the particular condition, attend relevant training courses to communication, supervision and appraisal sessions. 9  What factors may affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual ? How may they react as a result of these factors? Answer: Factors that can affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual are: Physical Impairments visual and hearing Language barriers accents, different language Cognitive or sensory impairments learning difficulties, memory loss, Illness – dementia, stroke Environmental problems – poor lighting, noisy environments If this happens, the individual in question becomes withdrawn from others around them, isolated from others. This may affect his self-esteem and self-confidence negatively. That individual may also become confused, angry and frustrated. 12  If you were trying to have a conversation with an individual how would you arrange the environment and position yourself to communicate effectively? Answer: First of all, I have to make sure that there isn’t any background noise that could make the communication difficult. Then, another important step to achieve effective communication with individuals is arranging the environment to aid communication. Here are some factors that can hinder or disturb good communication: Poor lighting, because individuals with poor sight are unable to see you Background noise from the radio, other individuals, TV and so on Obstacles between me, the care worker, and the individual, for example furniture and household items Insufficient distance to keep appropriate space within me and the individual to avoid encroaching or invading on their personal space 13, 14  Describe some conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties. How would you deal with these conflicts? Answer: Some of the conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties are: individuals can become frustrated and isolated when the  communication between themselves and their workers is encountering problems. These problems or dilemmas are sometimes the result of: a difference in the language spoken by the service user and the worker the service user has visual impairments or hearing difficulties the individual might have a physical illness or disability either physical disability or learning disability. There are many ways to solve the conflicts that might occur. It depends on the nature of the problem. For example, for: †¢ Language differences: If there are conflicts due to language differences, then an interpreter will be appropriate for any serious discussions or communications. Efforts should be made to learn a few important words to communicate with the individual or teach the individual some words in the workers language if they are willing to facilitate communication. Non verbal communication will be an effective method in solving this kind of conflict. †¢ Hearing difficulties: Individual with hearing difficulties need to be assisted to ensure their hearing aids are working and fitted properly. It would be necessary that a worker will assist the individual to clean the equipment, change the batteries when appropriate. Workers will also need to give the client the appropriate space and communication pace that would make communication effective. If the need arises words can be written down for clarity. The use of signs and telecommunication services such as type talk service are very useful. †¢ Visual difficulties: Individual with visual difficulties need to be provided with glasses or contact lenses so they can observe non verbal communication. This will prevent misunderstandings during communication with people. †¢ Physical disabilities: Communications with individuals in this category will be according to the type of physical disability or illness. If the illness has affected the individual’s ability to speak and understand, for instance a stroke then the use of short, simple sentences, gestures, writing and drawing or using flash cards, the use of closed questions which only need yes or no should be useful. †¢ Some illness do not affect the clients understanding, so there is no need to speak slowly but will need to be patient to receive a response as the client might have difficulty with their speech e.g. stroke. †¢ Learning disabilities: The method of communication will depend on the level of the disability. I will need to communicate at the pace and space suitable for the client. Physical contacts are of an advantage to be used along with  verbal communication. †¢ Cultural differences: People have different cultural backgrounds, therefore it is necessary to find out from the individuals their communication preferences or alternatively check their care plan records or ask people such as their family, f riends, colleagues or key people who have worked with them. 15, 16  When communicating difficult, sensitive or complex messages, how might your style of communication alter? What type of environment would be most appropriate for this sort of communication ? Answer: Communicating with individuals who are distressed or upset due to bereavement this could be sensitive, complex or difficult. In this situation, I will ask if the person would want to discuss any concerns with me or maybe another person of their choice. I can use non verbal communication while been a good listener such as making good eye contact with the individual as she talks, which will depict that I’m willing to listen. If the client is displaying a behaviour that dictates that they are able to put others or themselves at risk, then I might need to involve the attention of appropriate members of the care team. For this sort of communication, the environment must be comfortable and appropriate. I would come across times when I need to discuss matters with individuals that are referred to as sensitive issues. If an individual needs to discuss his personal needs with me, I have to ensure that he feels comfortable and encouraged to communicate these issues. On the other hand, I might want to discuss with the service user about their changing needs such as diet, incontinence, mobility and so on. Communicating bad news, like a bereavement of a spouse or close person to the individual will also require certain communication skills. The things that should take into account are: †¢ Remember individuals have a right to their privacy, therefore the immediate environment should be arranged to ensure privacy. For example a client’s bedroom or apartament should be free from visitors at the time. †¢ Individual’s preferred method of communication should be made available. †¢ Communication should be made at the pace of the individual, giving enough time for both of us to understand the content of the communication. †¢ Observe and respond appropriately to reactions fromà ‚  individuals. 17  Who do you need to gain permission from to access records and why ? Answer: I need to gain permission of my manager or client to access records. Accessing information will help me to improve my practice and also my responsibility. Within the organization there should be relevant documents to access information or if I work with individuals in their own home the care plan should contain useful information. 18  Define the following words: a) Fact b) Opinion c) Judgement Why is it important that you aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals ? Answer: a) A fact is a true statement that cannot be disputed, knowledge or information based on real occurrences; something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. b) An opinion is a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty- it is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts, a subjective statement or thought about an issue or topic. An opinion may be supported by an argument, although people may draw opposing opinions from the same set of facts. c) A judgement is a cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions. Judgments are also personal and developed from experience; they differ from person to person. For example, if a client is dying and all the symptoms and signs show the evidence, reports and records should show these facts. On the other hand if the client only refused to talk, people might have different opinions and judgments to explain the reason. Records and reports will need to be verified to deduce the correct and most suitable reason. It is important to aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals because I have the responsabiliy to provide seamless services for individuals, and this thing can be done only if the  information is correct, precise.

Solomon Barney Project :: essays research papers

SOLOMON BARNEY PROJECT Political Website and Online Book Store Project Charter PROJECT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Solomon Barney Project Document Revision History V 1.1 11/15/04 2nd Draft produced containing updated "project definition" work from 11/08/04 worksession 1.2 11/22/04 Contribution and work flow planning finalized. Roles and Responsibilities finalized. 1.3 11/29/04 Initial project steps defined and waypoints defined with customer. 1.4 12/02/04 Revised final draft containing work from 11/29/04 work session and accepted previous changes 1.5 12/05/04 Final Draft accepted. Table of Contents PREFACE 1 PROJECT STATEMENT 2 PROJECT PLAN PURPOSE 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 3 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF PROJECT 3 CURRENT ENVIRONMENT 3 PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES 4 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 5 TIMELINE 8 RESOURCE ALLOCATION 9 BUDGET 10 COMMUNICATION PLAN 11 PROJECT RISK/CONTINGENCY PLAN 12 Preface Document Version Control: Questions regarding updates and currency of the subject document should be directed to the owner of this document, or the project manager. This plan was generated by the WSC Project Team. WSC will be implemented and deployed for the Office of Solomon Barney Associates. Project Stage: WSC will be based on the commercial-off-the-shelf application titled vBulletin. The project is currently in the Development stage of the life cycle. Approval: A completed stage exit will constitute approval of this plan. Document Owner: The primary contact for questions regarding this document is: Dale Gribble, Project Manager/Planner WSC Project Team Phone: (555) 555-5555 Internet: bsm@Dalecom.com Document Change History: (Nature and date of each change are recorded here) November 15, 2004 – Document Creation. Privacy Information This document may contain information of a sensitive nature. In particular, staff names and phone numbers, and E-mail addresses. This document should not be distributed outside of the Project Team. 1. Project Statement Create a user friendly, customer oriented website for political debate and a digital store front for the sale of political merchandise. 2. Project Plan Purpose This document provides an orientation on how the Web Site Creation (WSC) project will be managed. It also defines the deliverables, schedules, risks, dependencies, assumptions, estimates, and change management philosophy. This plan will: †¢ Provide a general product description and overview. †¢ Provide a project plan purpose and objectives †¢ Identify a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). †¢ Identify a timeline through schedules and activities to be performed. †¢ Identify required resources through a resource allocation plan. †¢ Identify a risk analysis and contingency plan. †¢ Give a detailed budget. †¢ Establish a communication plan. †¢ Provide a basis for management tracking and control. This plan is an active document and may be formally revised at the end of each of the following stages of implementation: †¢ Research and Testing †¢ Planning †¢ System Integration †¢ Pilot Installation and Testing †¢ Pilot Deployment and Acceptance †¢ Pilot Post-Implementation Assessment †¢ Host wide Implementation 3. Project Objectives †¢ Refine requirements from customer. †¢ Develop an overall plan for project waypoints. †¢ Assign subtasks to the waypoints. †¢ Develop a timeline for completion of each task. †¢ Allow for rework at each waypoint. †¢ Create a preliminary budget for the product, and get customer approval. †¢ Refine the budget. 4.

Analysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Essays -- Papers Hun

Analysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Richard Rodriguez?s essay, Hunger of Memory, narrates the course of his educational career. Rodriguez tells of the unenthusiastic and disheartening factors that he had to endure along with his education such as isolation and lack of innovation. It becomes apparent that Rodriguez believes that only a select few go through the awful experiences that he underwent. But actually the contrary is true. The majority of students do go through the ?long, unglamorous, and demeaning process? of education, but for different reasons (Rodriguez, 68). Instead of pursuing education for the sake of learning, they pursue education for the sake of job placement. Even from an early age, Rodriguez is a successful student. Everyone is extremely proud of Rodriguez for earning awards and graduating to each subsequent level of his education. But all his success was not necessarily positive. In fact, we see that his education experience is a fairly negative one. One negative that Rodriguez endures is his solitude. Education compels him to distance himself from his family and heritage. According to Richard Hoggart, a British education theorist, this is a very natural process for a scholarship boy. Hoggart explains that the ?home and classroom are at cultural extremes,? (46). There is especially an opposition in Rodriguez?s home because his parents are poorly educated Mexicans. His home is filled with Spanish vernacular and English filled with many grammatical errors. Also, the home is filled with emotions and impetuosity, whereas the classroom lacks emotion and the teachers accentuate rational thinking and reflectiveness. The conflict between the classroom and the home environm... ... are looking at the end product. Then don?t mind changing in order to get somewhere in life. Most know that they need to change. We can?t be educated without changing. The mere word education means change or development. Obviously, students are still learning for the sake of economic utility. Rodriguez may have done his learning for the sake of being an educated man, but it was the end result he craved. Whether someone?s aim is to get a good job or to elevate themselves to a higher level of education, the product of their efforts is what counts. Bibliography: Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez. New York: Bantam Books, 1985. The U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. 28 Sept. 2000. The U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. 25 Nov. 2000

Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

2.1 Introduction: This subdivision introduces the trocar interpolation process to the reader. The apprehension of the mechanics of this process is critical for in depth research into assorted parametric quantities involved in the interpolation procedure. There are chiefly two constituents involved in this process viz. trocar or cannula placed on top of patient and the implicit in unrecorded tissue. Due to peculiar nature of the interpolation procedure, chiefly two types of organic structure forces are applied on trocar organic structure i.e. interpolation force in longitudinal way and jumping torsion for incursion. This action can be thought to be similar to a drill being alternately rotated while perforating a stuff block. However, there are other boundary conditions and initial analysis parametric quantities introduced. 2.2 Description of the process: Minimally invasive surgical processs are frequently named based on the type of sing range used to see the country of the organic structure which is the operative site. For illustration, laparoscopic processs use a laparoscope to see the operative site and are performed in the inside of the venters through a little scratch. A gas such as CO2 is introduced in the tummy pit to set up pneumoperitoneum wherein the peritoneal pit is sufficiently inflated for the interpolation of trocars into the venters. Pneumoperitoneum is established through the usage of a usage insufflation acerate leaf, called a Veress acerate leaf, utilizing a spring-loaded obturator that slides over the crisp tip of the needle every bit shortly as the needle enters the peritoneal pit. This acerate leaf is inserted through the facia and through the peritoneum. The sawbones entirely depends on tactile feedback generated at the fingertips to find the proper arrangement of the acerate leaf. After set uping pneumoperitoneum, the following measure in laparoscopic surgery involves the interpolation of trocar/obturator assembly into the abdominal pit. Based on the type of surgery, there may be one or more trocar interpolations to entree the interior organic structure volume related to surgery. A simple conventional diagram for description of the process is given below Figure 1. Schematics of trocar interpolation process [ Ref Web [ 1 ] ] Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsYongMy DocumentsMy Pictures rocar rocar6.jpg Figure. Trocar being inserted into abdominal pit [ Ref 24 ] Above figures depict the assorted forces and torsions involved in a regular trocar interpolation operation. Trocar is held with one manus for proper arrangement of trocar on the abdominal part. The other manus is used for using torsion every bit good as for uni directional force application. The magnitude of applied force with regard to clip and figure of bends applied while tissue incursion are of import parametric quantities for imitating this process realistically. There are different methods for cannula interpolation: by puting a trocar under direct vision into the peritoneal pit ( Hasson technique ) [ Ref 22 ] or â€Å" blindly † with a bladed trocar with the venters desufflated direct puncture and direct puncture with visual image through an optical trocar. Alternatively, a needle system could be used to entree the peritoneum to at the same time insufflate the venters and present a sheath through which a blunt trocar could be placed [ Ref 23 ] . Harmonizing to the port a rrangement guidelines, there are by and large multiple interpolations of trocars into abdominal part in order to handily entree different surgical sites with coveted tools. Some tools are used for catching and review of the tissue while others are used for cutting or suturing intents. There is a cardinal scratch through which a camera is inserted into the abdominal pit in order to project the surgery being performed on a picture screen for ocular mention intents. The full process is carried out under general anaesthesia. 2.3 Description of trocars and design parametric quantities: There are a figure of types of trocars that are available for interpolation, depending on the application. Choice of trocars by and large depends on several factors such as the type of entree site, debut of tools of proper size at the site including stapling machines, cartridge holder applicants and retractors. Harmonizing to the rule of cutting, there are cutting trocars and distending trocars. Cuting trocars integrate some signifier of blade at the site of cutting while the dilating trocars try to press and distend the tissue without cutting it first [ Ref 4 ] . Earlier trocars integrated conelike or pyramidic terminals in order to consequence interpolation, while the newer version incorporates safety shields and blunter plastic blades. Trocars are available in both metal tip and plastic assortments. A hollow or solid conelike plastic tip is a preferable design. Newer version of trocars attempts to unite design characteristics of both cutting and blunt type trocars to cut down the opportunities of hurt and for less applied force demands [ Ref 4, 25 ] . Five different types of trocars were compared in a publication and perforations were performed on the porcine tissue. A figure of different parametric quantities such as defect size, interpolation force and removal force were measured under standardised clinical conditions for 12 mm entree trocars [ Ref 4 ] . The trocars used were shown in figure below which involve a individual blade cutting type trocar, a blunt and radically distending trocar, plastic blade which is really common, triangular cutting blade type and the most modern design i.e. intercrossed distending type trocar. Figure 12-mm entree systems used in the survey. ( A ) Single blade film editing ; ( B ) blunt-radial dilating ; ( C ) plastic blade ; ( D ) trigon blade film editing ; ( E ) hybrid distending [ Ref 4 ] Figure. a ) Pyramidal blade reusable B ) Pyramidal blade disposable trocar [ Ref 25 ] Figure. a ) Flat blade trocar B ) Non bladed trocar 1 degree Celsius ) Non bladed trocar 2 [ Ref 25 ] It was found that radially distending and intercrossed types are similar in footings of perforations while removal force was more or less similar in each instance [ Ref 4 ] . This survey nevertheless underlines that characteristics of cannula design i.e. ridges, togss and textures are responsible factors for minimising remotion forces. While new designs cut down the interpolation forces, they do n't lend towards drastically improved interpolation consequences over the traditional bladed trocar design [ Ref 4 ] . Besides it has been found that there are differences in defect sizes and lesion parametric quantities associated with trocar geometry and type [ Ref 25 ] . It is desirable that we cut down the affected country of the lesion and herniation of facia caused by the remotion of trocar at the site ; nevertheless it is difficult to document all the design factors impacting different lesion parametric quantities. A more matter-of-fact attack can be to prove the trocar on latest FEM p ackage for failure analysis of the environing tissue membrane and secret plan different emphasis affected zones next to the interpolation site. 2.4 Modeling of trocar interpolation process: The research work proposed in this thesis uses two different methodological analysiss to near the job of realistic mold of the trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction 2 ) Finite element mold of trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction: This process is a premier campaigner for practical world simulation based trainers for sawboness to derive valuable simulation experience before they pattern existent trocar interpolation on patients. There have been several efforts to develop a needle interpolation based simulator for sawbones preparation undertakings, the outstanding amongst them uses an synergistic user interface based system, which gives the expert sawbones, a freedom to tune different mechanical tissue parametric quantities in order to leave different kinaesthetic esthesiss to the user [ Ref 3 ] . It is really difficult to reproduce the exact tissue behaviour experienced during surgery in a feasible Haptic simulator. Hence this closed cringle method provides a benchmarking expression to set up tissue belongingss in a Haptic sense. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure gives an thought about the closed cringle schematic for minimally invasive surgery which is applicable to trocar interpolation process as good. However, trocar interpolation process in itself is non a surgical process but a precursor to the existent minimally invasive surgery process. As shown in above figure, the sawbones has a limited position of the surgical site and force, place, speed and torsion are the active applied inputs on trocar, which are so transmitted bit by bit to patient abdominal tissue. During the full process, the sawbones receives distorted kinaesthetic feedback. The feedback is discontinuous since every bit shortly as equilibrium between applied and reaction force is established momently, there is no feedback force. The opposition to incursion is chiefly determined by the implicit in local tissue belongingss and trocar geometry and stuffs used. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying Virtual world preparation with force feedback for minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure illustrates the closed cringle system integrating a Haptic based practical world preparation simulator which involves a practical instrument interface. The interface transmits applied force, place, and speed and torsion vector information many times every 2nd to tactile environment underlying the simulator to calculate the hit sensing with practical tissue and update the force feedback vector. Trainee sawbones feels the fake force feedback through the practical instrument interface which uses commercially available tactile devices such as Phantom Omni or usage built Haptic devices. Simulated ocular feedback is provided through either 2 dimensional show on computing machine proctors or two-channel vision [ Ref 26 ] . One of the jobs faced while constructing a trocar interpolation simulator, is imitating proper tissue behaviour at the point of braking through tissue beds, i.e. the feeling of sudden giving off of the tissue when trocar brakes through the rectus abdominis part. For the finding of proper force profile for this simulator, a through literature reappraisal was carried out to garner informations about assorted tissue parametric quantities, braking force values for different tissue beds and existent secret plans of force profile informations, found in old documents. We have determined that, there are two attacks for obtaining the force profile – plotting of the reaction force experienced by sawboness with regard to clip and with regard to distortion distance. Rendering process utilizing tactile devices has been explored antecedently in a figure of surgery simulations. There are assorted attacks to turn to the job of visio tactile simulation of deformable objects based on spring mass based systems. There are many finite component based fluctuations for spring mass based simulations such as finite component method ( FEM ) [ Ref 27 ] and boundary component method ( BEM ) [ Ref 28 ] . Current research job nevertheless offers a alone challenge since it involves tissue distortion simulation and in writing rendition of tissue cutting during the procedure of trocar interpolation. For the simplification of our research job, during the first stage we concentrated our attending on tissue distortion and non on tissue cutting simulation since it ‘s a separate research job. Trocar interpolation chiefly involves tissue distortion, opposition force to weave distortion, braking force and frictional opposition to torquing gesture [ Ref 2, Ref 5 ] . T here is no literature available on torque measuring and word picture of tactile belongingss for opposition to rotatory gesture of trocar. The literature that is straight related with this topic is slightly obscure in nature such as the torsion measuring and word picture while managing of machine tools and rotary motion of prison guard driver [ Ref ] . Another research paper which is more relevant trades with measuring of torque interactions while managing laparoscopic tools [ Ref 29 ] . Hence we needed to trust on ergonomic mentions for approximative calculation of torque feedback magnitude and nature of torque interaction. For simplifying the tactile theoretical account, it is proposed that there are two primary mechanisms or provinces for grip force and torque interaction of trocar with regard to abdominal tissue. These two provinces are described in the figures below. In these figures, the transverse plane in which trocar geometry resides is termed as cutaneal plane and the angle between this plane and y-axis is termed as I ± , the angle between omega axis and cutaneal plane is termed as I? ( tilt ) and the rotary motion of the trocar around the trocar axis is defined in footings of angle I? ( tortuosity ) . 1. Mechanism for first province: First phase consists of gradual addition in distortion forces in a way analogue to the axis of trocar. As applied force additions, the reaction force reaches a maximal threshold value called braking force after which, trocar interruptions through facia and so through the peritoneum. There is by and large really small clip slowdown between these two incursion phases therefore, it is difficult to separate between the centripetal feeling for these extremums. Please refer to calculate below. We see that there is a gradual addition in applied force ( on applied force V clip graph ) after which there is a plateau part when farther really small addition in force causes the applied force to transcend the braking force value. Depending on local tissue belongingss, there can be several extremums after the first tableland part is reached, and so sudden lessening in force is experienced. This generalised nature of the force profile is verified through several mentions. If we observe the force pr ofile in Ref 6, we see that for 12 millimeter bladeless trocar, the extremum force value reached is about 70 N, while for 5 millimeter bladeless trocar, the recorded extremum force value is about 35.84 N [ Ref 6 ] . However, this research work was carried out utilizing unreal tissue under tenseness, without expert accomplishment. Another research paper that trades with existent extremum force measuring, on human tissue, utilizing piezoelectric detector mounted between sawbones ‘s manus and trocar, has produced a spike natured force profile [ Ref 1 ] . The maximal peak force recorded utilizing a detector in this instance is tantamount to 5 millimeter of HG force per unit area at the trocar reaching surface country [ Ref 1 ] . It is to be noted that the interpolation clip for trocar, in this instance is really short since the expert sawboness have right centripetal standardization which allows them to infix the trocar utilizing fewer figure of bends and with lesser force magnitu de [ Ref 2 ] . However, we observe that after extremum force value is reached, in all force profile instances, there is a sudden lessening in opposition force since the material failure standard is reached. 2. Mechanism for 2nd province: After tissue incursion, 2nd phase prevails during which trocar wall surface is in direct contact with environing penetrated tissue. It is difficult to depict the nature of destroyed tissue and the local coefficient of torsional every bit good as skiding clash. These forces are of import because, during the backdown stage, sawbones has to carefully abjure the trocar in such a manner that there is no injury to internal variety meats. The easiness with which trocar is withdrawn is a direct consequence of these forces and trocar geometry. The magnitudes and the nature of the force profile ( force V clip secret plans ) are discussed in following few subdivisions. Figure. Four grades of freedom of trocar while interpolation, applied and reaction forces during tissue distortion province Figure. Frictional peripheral force along the walls and Torsional frictional twosome at the fringe, after tissue incursion 2.5 Force and torque parametric quantities: Force Data Different techniques are available to obtain realistic mean extremum entry force informations plotted against clip or distortion. One of the direct techniques involve, mounting a force or force per unit area detector on existent trocar while the process of minimally invasive surgery is carried out. Another technique involves measuring of incursion force based on porcine tissue incursion utilizing a research lab device. However there are a figure of variables involved and it is really difficult to set up a aureate criterion or a scope of values for a peculiar instance. Body aggregate index of the patient, age, degree of exercising are some of the factors that affect the force profile informations. One of the documents reported utilizing existent piezoelectric transducer fond regard mounted between trocar surface and sawbones ‘s manus to obtain specific force profile informations for each patient with regard to clip [ Ref 6 ] ; nevertheless upon observation of the force profile, we see that the force profile informations does n't give us an thought about gradual addition in trocar force opposition. This force profile represents a spike in footings of reaction force experienced, which is unequal to imitate a complete trocar interpolation, since it does n't enter gradual alterations in force profile happening merely before incursion. However, the magnitude of braking force for each instance is noted down and we can utilize this statistical information to construct a simulator which allows for different braking force values based on correlativity between patient ‘s age and average extremum entry force [ Ref 6 ] . A old experiment to mensurate the entry force utilizing laboratory experiment uses a mechano chemical examiner which tests the incursion of a stretched alternate tissue, to plot a force versus incursion distance informations. This trial uses changeless velocity of incursion for the trocar and does n't pay attending to application of torsion while infixing trocar, as in existent process [ Ref 5 ] . Another paper related to old work, for imitating trocar interpolation uses a parametric theoretical account to imitate three separate parts for a force profile informations utilizing multinomial fit [ Ref 1 ] . We found that this attack is really utile for readily incorporating a given force profile into tactile simulator, for experimentation intents. However the usage of any such force profile is arbitrary, till it has been verified by adept sawboness to be as close an experience to the existent undertaking of trocar interpolation. Table I clip in s Force in N clip in s Force in N 0 0 1.25 20 0.2 8 1.4 30 0.5 7 1.5 35 0.7 5 1.6 40 1 10.1 1.7 50 Time in seconds Force in N Force in N Time in seconds Figure ( a ) Rough secret plan of Force profile [ Ref 1 ] , ( B ) Force profile after re-parameterization and curve adjustment Figure ( a ) Typical spike force profiles obtained from 5mm and 10 millimeter diameter trocar interpolations [ Ref 6 ] Another important research work performed utilizing instrumented trocar systems against 20 swine theoretical accounts was reported in one of the recent documents by Paserotti et Al. [ Ref 29 ] . The full experimental process was repeated for two bladed non retractile trocars and four bladed retractile trocars. Table II [ Ref 29 ] Fd, entire thrust force ( Newton ) ; Ff, force needed to travel through facia ( Newtons ) ; Fp, force needed to travel through peritoneal liner ( Newtons ) ; Fl, loss of drive force after come ining the peritoneum ( Newtons ) ; Ld, the sum of tissue distortion ( centimeter ) ; Lt, the length of trocar exposed in the venters after the peritoneum retracts ( centimeter ) ; NA ; non applicable ; Td, clip to drive the trocar into the venters ( sec ) ; Tr, continuance of blade exposed unprotected ( sec ) [ Ref 29 ] The characteristic nature of force profile obtained in this research, confirms the fact that there are multiple extremums encountered during incursion for get the better ofing different tissue beds ( facia and peritoneum beds severally ) . After the braking force magnitude is reached, a sudden loss of opposition or giving off of the tissue is experienced which should be efficaciously simulated with the lowering of Haptic opposition during the simulation. Torque Data: Measurement of torsion informations for trocar interpolation procedure, is a complex undertaking since interpolation normally involves 2 to 5 bends in clockwise and anticlockwise waies [ Ref 2 ] . The clasp features and the mode in which torsion is applied is non unvarying for all the instances, besides some sawboness use small to no torquing when it comes to interpolation. Hence, we have to trust on informations from old research work in order to acquire an thought about the torsion magnitude. There are other ergonomic mentions from which we can mention to the industrial class torquing attempts in assorted types of clasps such as power clasp, cardinal pinch and tip pinch clasps etc. There are two major classs of clasps viz. prehensile and non prehensile clasp [ Ref 31 ] . The clasp used for catching trocar organic structure is a prehensile type of clasp ( specifically cylindrical ) and based on the carpus rotary motion and gripping force, variable sum of torsion can be transmitted a t the interpolation point. For the screwdriver interpolation gesture which is about tantamount to the trocar interpolation gesture in some ways, the maximal torsion that can be exerted is about 5 Nm for a feed force of about 60 N [ Ref 30 ] . However a more dependable projection for torque measuring is found in another mention [ Ref 31 ] , for both instrument to organ interaction during laparoscopic surgery and trocar abdominal wall interaction during interpolation procedure. There are a scope values that have been documented in this mention, which suggest that rotational gesture in the clasp produces approximately 0 to 0.7 Nm of torsion at the interface. Besides, the frictional force opposing the rotary motion is found to be about 3 N in magnitude at the interface. A major guideline for design of Haptic simulator is stated in this mention that Haptic esthesis is greatest at the low value of translational or interpolation speed and at the smallest angles of tilt I? [ Ref 31 ] .