The Poisoning of Our Ozone essays

The Poisoning of Our Ozone essays The poisoning of the Earths ozone layer is increasingly attracting worldwide concern for the global environment and the health effects of life on the Planet Earth. There is not just one particular cause for the ozones depletion; the accumulation of different pollutants into our ozone layer has all added up and equaled a worldwide problem. There is not just one effect from the poisoning of the ozone, but instead multiple ramifications from diseases to death. The damage to the ozone is increasing with every second; moreover, there are many ways we can help reduce the problem Ozone is a pale blue gaseous form of oxygen, in chemical form it is also known as O3. Ozone can be beneficial or harmful depending on its location in the Earths atmosphere. If the ozone is located in the troposphere (which extends from the surface of the Earth up to approxiametly10 miles) it is a harmful pollutant and a major component in smog and other environmental health problems. Such tropospheric ozone can damage plastic, rubber, plant and animal tissue. Ozone located approximately 10-25 miles above the Earths surface, in a part of the Earths atmosphere called the stratosphere is very beneficial. The ozone is a major factor that makes life possible on Earth. About 90% of the planets ozone is in the ozone layer. Ozone in this layer shields and filters out the Earth from 95-99 percent the suns ultraviolet radiation. A low level of ozone does not protect or prevent the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the Earth, therefore, overexposing life on Earth causing many diseases. The depletion of the ozone is caused by many factors, but the one cause that will be elaborated on in the next paragraph is the main reason our ozone is continuously being poisoned. The major cause in the depletion of the Earths ozone layer is because of the release of chlorof...

Depression in Older Adults

Depression in Older Adults Abstract This paper examines depression amongst the old adult population in the world with specific references to the United States of America. It gives a background on what depression is and discusses situation under which it develops in older adult population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Depression in Older Adults specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, it examines depression in older adult population in relation to such factors as gender where females are found to be more prone to depression than their male counterparts, it also considers sexual orientations in which it discusses how lesbians and gays are more likely to have stress than heterosexuals and it finally compares how race and culture play a role in depression amongst the elderly in society. With respect to homosexuality, the paper examines the various ways through which older adult population get discriminated by the members of the society who are anti-homosexuality and institutions that do not recognize both lesbianism and gay as a form of lifestyle that should be accepted as in existence. Introduction Depression is a condition that mostly affects the cognition of a human being. It means different thing to different people; it can be symptomatic as when an individual says he or she is feeling depressed, it also be a sign as when someone observes that another person is depressed or at the same time it can be a disorder that is clinically diagnosed. When a clinical diagnosis of depression is done, it implies a disorder which has a significant length of time and having particularly observable signs and symptoms, that significantly interferes with an individual’s functioning or that causes great personal distress or both (Jefferson 10). But one may ask â€Å"What are the causes of depression?† depression has varied causes amongst the whole of the human race regardless of age or gender. It is almost always caused b y a combination of factors. Such factors are inheritance or genetic predisposition, developmental factors such as early loss of parents, cognitive factors such as intense grief reaction and stress such as coping with unemployment and or physical illnesses; these two combine to result into a common pathway for inducement of depression. Research has indicated that each individual has a pattern of genetic, developmental, environmental, social, personality and physiological factors that coalesce to permit or protect against depression at any point in time.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The understanding and modification of the contributions of these factors is the ultimate goal of the clinicians who engage in the treatment of depression. This paper examines depressions in older adults. It will deal with how depression occurs in older adult population; besides, it will also di scuss the main causes of depression in older adulthood and how it affects them (Jefferson 10). Depression in Older Adults Depression is the most common mental disorder found amongst older adults in the parts of the world, but it should not be seen as part of the aging process; in fact a good number of older adults . It is one of the most disabling conditions among the older adult population. In the United States alone it is approximated that over six million adults aged 65 and above experience clinical depression; the adult population represents about 15% of the adult population above 65 years of age in the United States. Prevalence estimates in older adults range from 5% in community samples to about 20% in nursing home residents and close to 30% of the older adults witnessed in primary care setting. Research has also indicated that approximately 50% of the adults who are admitted in hospitals experience clinical depression (Williams 59). It is important to note that depression in older adults is caused by varied numerous factors and may be different from the causative factors leading to depression in the younger people. In addition to the biological etiology of depression in the older adults, there are vividly cognitively contributing factors. The adult’s life events and the interpretation and response to event contribute to the risk of developing depression. The predominant life events that place older adults at risks for depression as well as contribute to the experience by older adults and receptiveness to treatment for depression are medical illnesses, bereavement or death of a son, daughter or any other significant other, disability, impaired social support and or trauma. These factors do not necessarily exclusively lead to depression, but may combine with other factors in a chain of events ultimately leading to depression in older adults. Research findings have indicated that the risk factors combined with behavioral, psychodynamic and negative thoughts surrounding the events of life seem to have substantial contribution to depression that comes in late life periods. For example, older adults may have an perception about their lives that no matter what they attempt to achieve, negative things continue to happen and perpetually continue to experience losses in their lives hence they assume a hopelessness position. It has also been found out through research that older adults may not easily adapt to the physical changes they are experiencing as a result of aging and hence may have some unrealistic expectation and have a feeling or perception of that they are likely to continue in failure as an adult.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Depression in Older Adults specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of older adults fall into one or more at-risk groups for depression. Nonetheless, many are not aware of their symptoms of depression and hence do not make a requ est or seek evaluation. Besides, research indicates that many older adults have resistance towards seeking medical attention due to stigma labeled against mental illnesses. According to several research activities that have been conducted, it has been found that black older adults are more likely to suffer depression as compared to their white counterparts (Bernal 403). Besides, other research also indicate that races with the majority of low income earners like blacks, Hispanics are more vulnerable to issues of depression than the white counterparts. Given racial and ethnic discriminations, it is important to state that races that are subject or victims of racial discrimination are more likely to suffer depression; the older elders may resign into perception where they feel inferior to the perceived superior whites and hence cause them hopelessness and depression, especially when they see their loved ones or fellow race members being discriminated against. Taking the case for Weste rn and other developed nations where slavery was practiced, it is crucial recognize that those who come from races that experienced slavery are highly likely to experience depression than those within former slave masters. Some of the depression symptoms appearing some adults may be traces of depression during childhood with which the adult might have lived to his or her old age; this is coupled by inferiority complex. Meanwhile, ethnicity has also been found to have effects on depression amongst the older adult population (Bernal 327). Gender also plays a significant role in depression. There are a number of research that have been done on how gender influence experience of depression. The research findings have been compiled from data collected in most countries of the world. According to the findings, women have higher chances of experiencing depression than men. Even though it is not clear what really accounts for this, but researchers acknowledge the contribution of several fac tors which entails impact of estrogen on stress hormones, the common victimization of women through rape and domestic violence and cortisol (Fredà ©n 163).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other research findings reveal that both men and women share depression to a certain proportion; however, what also contributes to the difference is the fact that both men and women express their depression in gender specific ways. According to available literature, men are known to mask their depression through various forms like excessive drinking. This implies that the differentiation of the rate of depression between men and women is just done by way of illusion (Fredà ©n 167). Many studies have been conducted within cultures and also cross-culture with the aim of identifying symptoms of depression in both men and women. It is argued that women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed of major depression. Even though this difference is great, it is because older women are mostly likely to seek professional assistance as compared to their men counterparts; the implication here is that even though men may suffer equal measure of depression as women, they are less likely to seek the services of a profession to help them handle their depression. Culturally, in some regions of the world, men are encultured not to express their sadness, stress or depression in public; in fact, men who do so are mostly likely to be considered as having feminine behavior, so they choose to endure depression within them. On the side, women share their grief with friends and expose publicly their depression; this makes it easy to notice. Moreover, men who suffer from depression are associated with mental illness and as has been discussed earlier, feminine (Fredà ©n 167). Other research has also attempted to link the rate of depression with sexual orientation. Even though older adults are highly likely to have low sexual performance, their sexual orientation has been found to play a significant role in contributing to their depression statuses. Research indicates that lesbians are more depressed than their heterosexual counterparts. Moreover, even though much study have not been done, older adult population is very common with lesbians. In fact, this may be accounted for by the fact that it cannot be expected that when gays and lesbians get old, they should switch their sexual orientation to heterosexuals. There are a number of older lesbians and gays and this part of the aging population suffer a lot of stigma from anti-lesbians and anti-gays. It is therefore not unusual to here of depressed and isolated older adults in the society. Due to stigma associated with lesbianism and gay sexual orientation, many of the lesbian and gay older adults suffer depression as not so many people want to identify with them (Melillo, et al 10). Since the older adults are almost entirely dependent on others for livelihood and medical care, the lesbians and gays suffer from lack of concern, especially from the healthcare departments as they do not recognize the existence of lesbians and they are unresponsive to the fact that being lesbian and gay is also a form of lifestyle t hat should not be used as a point of individual discrimination. Due to this, old adults who are heterosexuals are the ones who have greatly benefited from healthcare plans in most countries, particularly in the United States of America. The implication of this is that the lesbians and gays are left out in terms of medical care plans and hence are subjected to depression as they ponder about their heath and how to get medical services (Melillo, et al 10). One fact is than most lesbian and gay partners live together, but when it comes to old age, one partner is not legally allowed to participate in healthcare decisions of another partner and this even include being barred from funeral arrangement in cases of death of one of the partner. This also subjects them to depression which may aggravate due to poor adjustment to aging situations. Again gays and lesbians are greatly concerned about their housing; they always wish to live in communities that dominated by homosexuals or at least a community in which people recognize existence and the needs of lesbians and gays. The problem is that these groups of people tend be isolated and may further be far removed from children and the young people who are feared by the society may get influenced by these lesbians and gays. Contrarily, heterosexual older adults are not likely to suffer any depression arising from any of these factors. Instead, they are well recognized by the society and may not suffer much depression as their homosexual counterparts. The fact that is that homosexuality is the universally accepted sexual orientation in the world and hence forms a larger society than the lesbian and gay community. The heterosexuals are mostly likely to get consolations from groups like Christians groups which make them cope easily with depression (Melillo, et al 23). Conclusion Depression is a condition that mostly affects the cognition of a human being. It means different thing to different people; it can be symptomatic as when an individual says he or she is feeling depressed, it also be a sign as when someone observes that another person is depressed or at the same time it can be a disorder that is clinically diagnosed. Research has indicated that each individual has a pattern of genetic, developmental, environmental, social, personality and physiological factors that coalesce to permit or protect against depression at any point in time. Depression is one of the most disabling conditions among the older adult population in the world today. Depression in older adults is caused by varied numerous factors and may be different from the causative factors leading to depression in the younger people. In addition to the biological etiology of depression in the older adults, there are vividly cognitively contributing factors. Research has found that race plays a significant role depression amongst older adults; black older adults are more likely to suffer depression as compared to their white counterparts. Given racial and ethnic discriminations, it is important to state that races that are subject or victims of racial discrimination are more likely to suffer depression; the older elders may resign into perception where they feel inferior to the perceived superior whites and hence cause them hopelessness and depression, especially when they see their loved ones or fellow race members being discriminated against. Gender also plays a significant role in depression. According to the findings, women have higher chances of experiencing depression than men (Fredà ©n 167). Even though it is not clear what really accounts for this, but researchers acknowledge the contribution of several factors which entails impact of estrogen on stress hormones, the common victimization of women through rape and domestic violence and cortisol. Other research has also attempted to link the rate of depression with sexual orientation. Even though older adults are highly likely to have low sexual performance, t heir sexual orientation has been found to play a significant role in contributing to their depression statuses. Research indicates that lesbians are more depressed than their heterosexual counterparts (Melillo, et al 23). Conversely, heterosexual older adults are likely to get assistances from the general members of the society as they do not engage in what the members of the society may describe as anti-social. Due to this, they are less likely to suffer depression as compared to their lesbian and gay counterparts. Bernal, Guillermo. Handbook of racial and ethnic minority psychology. New York: SAGE, 2003. Fredà ©n, Lars. Psychosocial aspects of depression: no way out? New York: Wiley, 1982. Jefferson, James. Depression and its treatment. New York: American Psychiatric Pub, 1992. Melillo, Karen et al. Geropsychiatric and mental health nursing. New Jersey: ones Bartlett Learning, 2005. Williams, Arthur. Depression research in nursing: global perspectives. New York: Springer Publis hing Company, 2005.

Legal Foundation for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Legal Foundation for Business - Essay Example This is because Part B creates a major background that can be used for the discussion of the application of the precedence from the Donghue V Stevenson case. Facts of the Case On the 26th of August, Mrs. May Donoghue, a Scottish widow went to a cafe with her friend and made some orders. Donoghue's friend ordered something else and Donoghue ordered a ginger beer. Donoghue's friend paid for the order. The cafe owner served Donoghue with the ginger beer which she poured from an opaque bottle to Donoghue's cup2. There was normal ginger beer in the cup and Donoghue drank it. However, when Donoghue's friend poured some more of the ginger beer, a decomposed snail came afloat. Donoghue fell ill form the sight of it and complained of abdominal pain. She was admitted to hospital a few days later and was diagnosed of gastroenteritis and shock3. Donoghue's friend took the details of the manufacturer of the ginger beer which led to Stevenson, the manufacturer. This led to a case against Stevenson in court. A case was filed against Stevenson and hearings begun in May 1929. Arguments in the Court Case In the case, Donoghue tried to get Stevenson to take responsibility for her sickness resulting from drinking the contaminated ginger beer and the emotional shock that came with it. Her argument was that Stevenson should have gone the extra mile to prevent injuries. However, Stevenson argued that since Donoghue was not the one who paid for the beer, there was no contract between Donoghue and himself. Also, there was no proof that Stevenson was negligent in delivering the ginger beer to the Donoghue. The court at the local level could not uphold Donoghue's case. Donoghue appealed to the Inner House in Scotland but the case could not be ruled in her favour. Donoghue went on and filed a gase in the House of Lords as a pauper in 19314. The House of Lords The House of Lords began to hear the case in 1932. The House of Lords had to decide between whether to hold Stevenson responsible f or the sickness and emotional pain that Donoghue suffered or not. It was clear that there was some kind of unfair injuries had been suffered by Donoghue. And it was also obvious that the injury was directly attributable to the decomposed snail in a ginger beer supplied by Stevenson. However, the fundamental laws could not directly link Stevenson to the issue because: 1. There was no contract between Donoghue and Stevenson since Donoghue did not pay for the ginger beer. 2. There was no evidence that Stevenson was negligent. There could be a chain of possibilities that could include other third parties who could potentially be responsible for the issue. The House of Lords, being the highest adjudicating body with some law making powers at that time had to decide on how to deal with the problem. They could set a precedence. However, such a precedence had to be sensitive to the broader society since it could be reapplied to other cases in the future. Thus, the five judges of the case sa t on the facts and took a decision. The submissions of the different judges were as follows: Lord Thankerton He identified that there was no contract between Donoghue and Stevenson and clearly, there was no duty of care between the parties. However, he conceded that a manufacturer brings himself a voluntary obligation of not harming a consumer. This obligation was to be upheld in order that a consumer can rely upon the diligence of the manufacturer without issues. This means that he identified

An Analysis of Mrs. Sirleaf's Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Analysis of Mrs. Sirleaf's Speech - Essay Example Pathos influences the addresses to through eliciting emotions. The speakers and audiences do this through a careful use of language. The speakers or the authors use their personal stories to paint a good picture of their speech. This illuminates the truth and legitimacy of the conversation in hand. Logos involves use of reasoning to back up one’s ideas or claims. The speaker or the author gives sufficient reasons that explain a subject matter. Logos incorporates both inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning examines a specific representative of facts and then the speaker draws general conclusions from them. However, in deductive reasoning, the speaker starts with general implications of a fact then narrows down to specifics (Metcalfe 3). The well use of the three rhetorical appeals describes the effectiveness of a speaker or an author. This paper will analyze Mrs. Sir Leaf’s Speech which she delivered in the graduation ceremony in Harvard University in Jun e 17th 2011. The dialogue had some political connotations because this is the period when there was an imminent election in Liberia. The paper will endeavor to seek whether the speech uses the Ethos, Pathos, and Logos sufficiently to persuade the audience. The paper is organized into three sections. The first paragraphs will examine the use of Ethos in the speech. The middle section looks at the application of pathos in the conversation in hand. The last section will describe the employment of logos in Mrs. Sirleaf’s speech. Ethos in speech ensures that audience is attentive, listening, and ready to speaker’s coaxing ideas. Ethos is about the audience perception of the speaker. This entails trustworthiness, reputation, association, and authority of the presenter. In Sirleaf’s speech, the speaker presents herself as a likeable character in several parts. Ellen opening remarks of the speech draw the attention of the audience that she is an honorable person. This c reates an impression of respected person in the minds of the listeners. The audience is set to capture the conversation and they can associate with her. Therefore, it means that the addressee will have a keen interest of the ideas that Mrs. Sirleaf puts across. Ellen gives the precedence of the events that culminated to her current position. Her interest to lead Liberia stems from the conference she attended as a subordinate employee in the Liberian Department of Treasury. National Planning Council and advisors from Harvard sponsored the conference. The core agenda of the symposium was to forge development projects in Liberia. In this meeting, the politician expresses displeasure about the unlovable status of things in her country. She points out that direct attack on the Liberian authority plunged her into a political mess (Yifeng). This paints a picture of a bold and patriotic lady who has the interest of her country at heart. In this way, the speaker persuades the audience to kee p a firm grip of the speech as it unfolds. Audience is enthusiastic to get the flow of events that culminates in her political achievements. The speech acknowledges the leadership program at Harvard University that shaped her. The poise she got from this university makes her make another attempt to challenge the Liberian authority ever the long and expanding gap between the poor and the rich. The result of her activities was an expulsion from her country.

Costa Rica Essay Example for Free

Costa Rica Essay Costa Rica is a very beautiful country and very independent. Costa Rica gained its independence from the Spanish in 1821 but still was mooched off of by Agustin de Iturbide in his Mexican Empire. Easter in Costa Rica is known as Semana Santa. On July 25th they have Guanacaste day, which is the celebration of the annexation of Guanacaste to Costa Rica in 1824. August 2nd they have Virgen de Los Angeles Day. Which celebrates the Patron saint of Costa Rica. This is one of the most important religious celebrations. On September 15th they celebrate Independence Day in Costa Rica. On October 12th they celebrate Dia de la Raza (Columbus Day). Lastly on December 25th they celebrate Christmas Day, which are Family-oriented celebrations. Costa Rica’s flag has tons of symbolism involved stating with the colors. The white stripe represents peace and honesty, the blue stripe represents vigilance, truth and loyalty while the red stripe represent hardiness, bravery, and strength. The emblem on the flag contains the volcanoes and their coat of arms. Costa Rica’s number one economic resource is coffee and bananas. Costa Ricans live just like we do in the U. S. A. Costa Rica and the United States of America get along quite well. Of course there has been a few bump in the road but nothing bad enough to make us hostile. We are good friends because we help each other out by buying each others products and such. Costa Rica and its relations with other countries are exquisite right now. They have been apart of the international community and have been neutral to most countries for quite some time. Of course it may be hostile to a few countries but everyone seems to have enemies. This country is said to be very beautiful so if I had the time I would gladly visit it and spend a few days on the beach. Things are cheap there and I can be cheap so it would work out great. This country is a very beautiful country that makes its money off of very natural things and I think that is very good. I think the people are nice and the amount of festivals and holidays they have is very cool.

The Physical Atmosphere in Faulkner’s Dry September :: Faulkner’s Dry September Essays

The Physical Atmosphere in Faulkner’s Dry September An anonymous patron in the barbershop at the beginning of â€Å"Dry September† makes one of the key statements in the short story: â€Å"It’s this durn weather. . . It’s enough to make a man do anything† (170). The patron sees the heat and drought as having possibly driven a black man to attack or offend a white woman. The idea that the weather has an effect on the townspeople is echoed at the end of the story when McLendon’s wife says, â€Å"I couldn’t sleep. . .The heat; something† (182). In both examples, the climactic conditions and external environment are seen as affecting the town dwellers’ behavior. The physical atmosphere, however, seems to be more a reflection of the emotional atmosphere of the townspeople than the cause of their agitation, as the barbershop patron would have us believe. In particular, the dust that pervades the story can be seen as a reflection of the dried-up, monotonous, and lonely existence of Minn ie Cooper. She lives with two old women, her sick mother and her â€Å"sallow, unflagging† aunt, and Minnie’s days are typically filled with nothing more than eating, napping, and going to shops in town to meet with other women haggling over prices for the fun of it (173). Minnie does not even have genuine friendships to enliven her â€Å"idle and empty† or dry and dusty days (175). Instead of establishing a female camaraderie between characters, Faulkner portrays relations between women as marked by tension and dissimulation; â€Å"one of those bitter inexplicable (to the man mind) amicable enmities which occur between women† (156, Absalom, Absalom!). As Minnie’s presumed friends during girlhood become women, they take pleasure in the fact that Minnie’s transition to womanhood marks the end of her days as a social butterfly; Faulkner calls it the pleasure of â€Å"retaliation† (174). The neighbors she visits on Christmas, women â€Å"friendsâ⠂¬  most likely, revel in the opportunity to tell her of how well her former love-interest is doing without her in Memphis, â€Å"watching with bright, secret eyes her haggard bright face† (175). When Minnie is having a fit of uncontrollable laughter at the end, the women she is with act solicitous and kind, smoothing her hair and saying â€Å"poor girl† to her, but this is shown to be dissimulation—they smooth her hair, not to comfort her, but to look for signs of graying, and between the expressions of compassion spoken in Minnie’s hearing, they speculate furtively over the veracity of her claim (182).

Shakespeare – Do you Agree?

Shakespeare Is considered to have made more contributions to the English language more than any other source. He used 17 677 words of which he created 1 700 words. Assignation Amazement Bloody Bump Critic Eventful Generous Invulnerable Laughable Majestic Road Spark Submerge Suspicious Once more into the breach Break the Ice Clothes make the man Every dog will have his day Fair play Heart of gold Mind's eye The course of true love never did run smooth Wear one's heart on one's sleeve Do You Agree?Has human nature remained the same? What 20th century situations and problems could not be presented in Shakespeare? I believe there are many reasons to believe that Shakespeare is still relevant today, UT that doesn't necessary mean that human nature has remained the same. Today, we are much more accepting of one another than back in the Elizabethan Era. When one does one not socially acceptable in public, we do not banish them or send them to their death.If one does not please us, we do thr ough away their hopes and dreams, and end their career. What we do do is care for one another and give them respect. Sure, our nature for feeling emotions and how they might make us react have remained the same, but that is a natural aspect of being human; we have motions and emotions take effect on us, though how we deal with those emotions and how we treat the others that influence us have changed.There are many 20th century situations and problems that could not be presented in Shakespeare, but not so much as a situation, but how the situation flows out and takes place. We have a more modern way of dealing with conflicts, rather than sending one another to their death. We use our technology and knowledge and our modern laws. I believe that humans are still the same, but in a very different way.